Google Patent | Augmented Reality Microscope For Pathology
Patent: Augmented Reality Microscope For Pathology
Publication Number: 20200097727
Publication Date: 20200326
Applicants: Google
Abstract
A microscope of the type used by a pathologist to view slides containing biological samples such as tissue or blood is provided with the projection of enhancements to the field of view, such as a heatmap, border, or annotations, substantially in real time as the slide is moved to new locations or changes in magnification or focus occur. The enhancements assist the pathologist in characterizing or classifying the sample, such as being positive for the presence of cancer cells or pathogens.
FIELD
[0001] This disclosure relates to the field of pathology and more particularly to an improved microscope system and method for assisting a pathologist in classifying biological samples such as blood or tissue, e.g., as containing cancer cells or containing a pathological agent such as plasmodium protozoa or tuberculosis bacteria.
BACKGROUND
[0002] In order to characterize or classify a biological sample such as tissue, the sample is placed on a microscope slide and a pathologist views it under magnification with a microscope. The sample may be stained with agents such as hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) to make features of potential interest in the sample more readily seen. Alternatively, the sample may be stained and scanned with a high resolution digital scanner, and the pathologist views magnified images of the sample on a screen of a workstation or computer.
[0003] For example, the assessment of lymph nodes for metastasis is central to the staging of many types of solid tumors, including breast cancer. The process requires highly skilled pathologists and is fairly time-consuming and error-prone, especially for nodes that are negative for cancer or have a small foci of cancer. The current standard of care involves examination of digital slides of node biopsies that have been stained with hematoxylin and eosin. However, there are several limitations inherent with manual reads including reader fatigue, and intra and inter-grader reliability that negatively impact the sensitivity of the process. Accurate review and assessment of lymph node biopsy slides is important because the presence of tumor cells in the lymph node tissue may warrant new or more aggressive treatment for the cancer and improve the patient’s chances of survival.
[0004] The prior art includes descriptions of the adaptation of deep learning techniques and trained neural networks to the context of digital tissue images in order to improve cancer diagnosis, characterization and/or staging. Pertinent background art includes the following articles: G. Litjens, et al., Deep learning as a tool for increasing accuracy and efficiency of histopathological diagnosis, www.nature.com/scientificreports 6:26286 (May 2016); D. Wang et al., Deep Leaming for Identifying Metastatic Breast Cancer, arXiv:1606.05718v1 (June 2016); A. Madabhushi et al., Image analysis and machine learning in digital pathology: Challenges and opportunities, Medical Image Analysis 33, p. 170-175 (2016); A. Schuamberg, et al., H&E-stained Whole Slide Deep Learning Predicts SPOP Mutation State in Prostate Cancer, bioRxiv preprint http://bioRxiv.or/content/early/2016/07/17/064279. Additional prior art of interest includes Quinn et al., Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Microscopy-based Point of Care Diagnostics, Proceedings of International Conference on Machine Learning for Health Care 2016.
[0005] The art has described several examples of augmenting the field of view of a microscope to aid in surgery. See U.S. patent application publication 2016/0183779 and published PCT application WO 2016/130424A1. See also Watson et al., Augmented microscopy: real-time overlay of bright-field and near-infrared fluorescence images, Journal of Biomedical Optics, vol. 20 (10) October 2015.
SUMMARY
[0006] In one aspect, a method is described for assisting in review of a microscope slide containing a biological sample (blood, tissue, sputum, stool, etc.) with a microscope. The method includes a step of capturing a magnified digital image of the field of view of the sample as seen through the eyepiece of the microscope with a camera. A machine learning pattern recognizer receives the image and identifies areas of interest in the sample from the data in the digital image. Such areas of interest could be areas likely containing cancer cells, or in other applications identification of plasmodium protozoa in a blood sample which causes malaria or tuberculosis bacterium in a sputum sample. The method further includes a step of superimposing an enhancement as an overlay on the field of view through the microscope eyepiece. The enhancement can take several forms, depending on the particular application, such as “heat maps” or color coded regions having a high likelihood for containing cancer cells, regions of interest boundaries, annotations (such as Gleason score for a prostate tissue sample), measurements or other indicia. As the user moves the sample relative to the microscope optics or changes magnification or focus, new images are captured by the camera and supplied to the machine learning pattern recognizer, and new region of interest boundaries, annotations, and/or other types of enhancements are overlaid onto the field of view through the eyepiece. This display of new enhancements, superimposed on the field of view happens in substantial real time (i.e., within a few seconds or even fraction of a second) as the pathologist moves the slide relative to the microscope optics, changes focus, or changes magnification and continues to observe the specimen through the eyepiece. The overlaid enhancements assist the pathologist in classifying or characterizing the biological sample, e.g., as containing cancerous cells or tissue, or containing pathogens, depending on the type of sample.
[0007] This disclosure can also be characterized as a system in the form of a microscope having a stage for holding a slide containing a biological sample and an eyepiece, a digital camera capturing a magnified digital image of the sample as seen through the eyepiece of the microscope, and a compute unit including a machine learning pattern recognizer which receives the images from the camera. The pattern recognizer is trained to perform “inference”, that is, identify regions of interest (e.g., cancerous cells or tissue, pathogens such as viruses, protozoa or bacteria, eggs from parasites, etc.) in biological samples of the type currently placed on the stage. The pattern recognizer recognizes regions of interest on the image captured by the camera. The compute unit generates an enhancement which is overlaid on the view through the eyepiece, in the form of region of interest boundaries, annotations, a heatmap, and/or other information. Additional enhancements are generated as the user moves the sample relative to the microscope, or changes magnification or focus.
[0008] In an aspect there is provided a method for assisting a user in review of a slide containing a biological sample with a microscope having an eyepiece comprising the steps of: (a) capturing, with a camera, a digital image of a view of the sample as seen through the eyepiece of the microscope, (b) using a machine learning pattern recognizer to identify areas of interest in the sample from the image captured by the camera, and (c) superimposing an enhancement to the view of the sample as seen through the eyepiece of the microscope as an overlay, wherein the enhancement is based upon the identified areas of interest in the sample, (d) wherein, when the sample is moved relative to the microscope optics or when a magnification or focus of the microscope changes, a new digital image of a new view of the sample is captured by the camera and supplied to the machine learning pattern recognizer, and a new enhancement is superimposed onto the new view of the sample as seen through the eyepiece in substantial real time, whereby the enhancement assists the user in classifying or characterizing the biological sample.
[0009] Step (b) may further comprise the step of using an inference accelerator to facilitate substantial real-time generation of the enhancements. The method may further comprise the step of providing an interface in a compute unit coupled to the microscope to receive and store locally in the compute unit a new machine learning pattern recognizer, for different types of biological samples. The biological sample may be of a type selected from the group of samples consisting of tissue, a lymph node, blood, sputum, urine, stool, water, soil and food. The region of interest may comprise cancerous cells or tissue, cellular structures, types of cells, or a pathogen, wherein the pathogen is optionally a pathogen selected from the group consisting of plasmodium, tuberculosis bacterium, malaria protozoa, virus, egg of parasites. The enhancement may be selected from the group of enhancements consisting of a heatmap, a region of interest boundary, an annotation, a Gleason score, a classification likelihood prediction, a cell count, and a physical measurement, wherein the physical measurement is optionally a tumor diameter. The method may further comprise the step of displaying on a monitor of a workstation associated with the microscope one or more image regions from one or more other samples that are similar to the sample in the current view of the microscope. The method may further comprise the step of displaying metadata associated with the displayed one or more other samples.
[0010] The method may further comprise the step of outputting image data of the view of the sample as seen through the eyepiece of the microscope and the enhancement to an external display. The microscope may further comprise a motorized stage for supporting and moving the slide relative to the eyepiece, and wherein the method further comprises the step of using the microscope motorized stage and digital camera, and machine learning pattern recognizer to perform a preliminary detection of areas of potential interest in the biological sample. The method may further comprise the step of controlling the motorized stage to move the stage to place the areas of potential interest for viewing by the user and generating an enhancement at each of the areas of potential interest. The method may further comprise the step of integrating the view of the sample of the microscope with the superimposed enhancement with a separate digital image of the sample obtained from a whole slide scanning of the slide containing the biological sample to generate an integrated view of the sample. The method may further comprise the step of highlighting the view of the sample on the integrated view of the sample. The microscope may further comprise a motorized stage for supporting and moving the slide relative to the eyepiece, and wherein the method further comprises the step of designating an area on the separate digital image and moving the motorized stage such that the designated area is in the field of view of the microscope. The method may further comprise projecting information associated with the designated area on the separate digital image as an enhancement to the view of the sample, wherein the projected information optionally comprises labels and/or annotations.
[0011] The method may further comprise the step of downloading from a remote data source over a network additional ensembles of machine learning pattern recognizers. The method may further comprise: receiving data indicating a magnification of the microscope; and selecting a machine learning pattern recognizer of a plurality of machine learning pattern recognizers based upon the received data. The selected machine learning pattern recognizer may be used to identify areas of interest in the sample from the image captured by the camera.
[0012] In an aspect there is provided a system for assisting a user in review of a slide containing a biological sample, comprising: a microscope having a stage for holding a slide containing a biological sample, at least one objective lens, and an eyepiece, a digital camera configured to capture digital images of a view of the sample as seen through the eyepiece of the microscope, a compute unit comprising a machine learning pattern recognizer configured to receive the digital images from the digital camera, wherein the pattern recognizer is trained to identify regions of interest in biological samples of the type currently placed on the stage, and wherein the pattern recognizer recognizes regions of interest on a digital image captured by the camera and wherein the compute unit generates data representing an enhancement to the view of the sample as seen through the eyepiece of the microscope, wherein the enhancement is based upon the regions of interest in the sample; and one or more optical components coupled to the eyepiece for superimposing the enhancement on the field of view; wherein the camera, compute unit and one or more optical components are configured such that when the sample is moved relative to the microscope optics or when a magnification or focus of the microscope changes, a new digital image of a new view of the sample is captured by the camera and supplied to the machine learning pattern recognizer, and a new enhancement is superimposed onto the new field of view of the sample as seen through the eyepiece in substantial real time.
[0013] The camera may be operated substantially continuously capturing digital images at a frame rate. The system may further comprise an inference accelerator operating on the digital images facilitating substantial real-time generation of the enhancements. The system may further comprise an interface in the compute unit to a portable computer storage medium containing new machine learning pattern recognizers for different types of biological samples. The biological sample may be of a type selected from the group of samples consisting of tissue, a lymph node, blood, sputum, urine, stool, water, soil and food. The region of interest may comprise cancerous cells or tissue, cellular structures, types of cells, or a pathogen, wherein the pathogen is optionally selected from the group consisting of plasmodium, tuberculosis bacterium, malaria protozoa, virus, egg of parasites). The enhancement may be selected from the group of enhancements consisting of a heatmap, a region of interest boundary, an annotation, a Gleason score, a classification likelihood prediction, a cell count, and a physical measurement, wherein the physical measurement is optionally a tumor diameter. The system may further comprise an external workstation associated with the microscope having a display displaying one or more image regions from one or more other samples that are similar to the sample in the current view of the microscope. The display may display metadata associated with the displayed one or more other samples. The system may further comprise a display, and wherein the compute unit outputs image data of the view of the sample as seen through the microscope and the enhancement on the display.
[0014] The microscope stage may comprise a motorized stage for supporting and moving the slide relative to the eyepiece, and wherein the microscope, motorized stage, digital camera, and machine learning pattern recognizer operated in a mode to perform a preliminary detection of areas of potential interest in the biological sample. The motor may be configured to move the stage to place each of the areas of potential interest for viewing by the user and wherein the compute unit and one or more optical components generate an enhancement at each of the areas of potential interest. The system may further comprise an external workstation having a display coupled to the compute unit and wherein the view of the sample on the microscope with the superimposed enhancement is integrated and displayed on the display with a separate digital image of the sample obtained from a whole slide scanning of the slide containing the biological sample to generate an integrated view of the sample. The compute unit may be in the form of a general purpose computer having an interface to the digital camera and an interface to the one or more optical components. The compute unit may further comprise an interface to a computer network.
[0015] In a further aspect there is provided, in a microscope system having a microscope eyepiece, a stage for holding a slide containing a sample, and a digital camera for capturing images of the field of view of the microscope eyepiece, the improvement comprising: a compute unit coupled to the microscope comprising an ensemble of deep neural network pattern recognizers coupled to the microscope trained on a set of slides of samples at different magnifications, the ensemble receiving the images generated by the camera.
[0016] The compute unit may further comprise an interface to a portable computer storage medium containing new machine learning pattern recognizers for different types of biological samples or applications of the microscope.
[0017] In a further aspect there is provided an apparatus comprising, in combination: a collection of portable computer storage media each containing different machine learning pattern recognizers for different types of biological samples to be viewed by a pathologist using a microscope, each of the of the different machine learning pattern recognizers in the form of an ensemble of machine learning pattern recognizers trained at different magnification levels.
[0018] In a further aspect there is provided a method of training a machine learning pattern recognizer, comprising: a) obtaining whole slide images of a multitude of slides containing biological samples of a given type; b) performing parametric deformations on the whole slide images in order to simulate the optical quality of digital images captured by a camera coupled to the eyepiece of a microscope; and c) training the machine learning pattern recognizer using whole slide images as deformed in step b).
[0019] In a further aspect there is provided a method of training a machine learning pattern recognizer, comprising: a) with a microscope of the type used by a pathologist having a camera and more than one objective lenses, obtaining a multitude of digital images of a biological sample in the field of view of the microscope at different magnifications provided by the more than one objective lenses of the microscope; and b) training an ensemble of machine learning pattern recognizers using the images obtained in step a), each member of the ensemble trained at a particular magnification associated with one of the objective lenses.
[0020] The method may further comprise the step of repeating steps a) and b) for different types of biological samples thereby generating a plurality of different ensembles of machine learning pattern recognizers. The method may further comprise the step of storing each the plurality of different ensembles of machine learning pattern recognizers onto portable computer storage media.
[0021] The methods and system of this disclosure enables several significant advantages, including substantial real time display of regions of interest enhancements in the field of view of the microscope. The optical path itself is not disrupted, i.e., the pathologist still looks at the actual slide in the field of view of the microscope eyepiece, not a digital representation. The enhancements which are overlaid on the field of view can take a variety of forms, which can be tailored to the type of sample. Furthermore, in some embodiments a modular approach to the hardware and software design allows for any kind of detection or classification pattern recognition model to be run in the compute unit. Examples include:
[0022] a) general tumor or cancerous cells presence, e.g., prostate cancer, breast cancer, or presence of cancer in lymph node tissue;
[0023] b) detection of malaria parasites or tuberculosis bacterium in a sample;
[0024] c) detection of histological features like macrophages, etc.;
[0025] d) deep characterization of a tissue sample, e.g., detection of prostate tissue exhibiting Gleason 3 and Gleason 4 characteristics, and user selection of levels or degrees of characterization;
[0026] d) beyond pathology, any detection or classification task using an optical microscope, for example quality control inspection of electronic components.
[0027] The method and system of this disclosure offers several advantages over the pathologist identification of areas of interest from scanned digital images, and presents an attractive new alternative methodology for pathology in general. First of all, pathologists are used to viewing physical glass slides on microscopes rather than digital images on a screen. Microscopes have a larger field of view and enable focusing in the z-plane, which is not always the case with whole slide scanned images, which in many formats only capture images at an optimum but single depth of focus. A physical microscope often has better optical qualities than a scanned digital image, which is useful for diagnosis or characterization of borderline cases. Additionally, a pathologist does not have to worry about whether a whole slide scanner missed a small tissue fragment or was out of focus in a small field of view. Furthermore, use of physical slides enables quick diagnosis, with no need for delay with scanning and uploading slides. Additionally, whole slide scanners and associated equipment and workstations are very expensive, costing in some cases hundreds of thousands of dollars, orders of magnitude more than microscopes having the features of this disclosure.
[0028] Furthermore, the small form factor of a table-top microscope and low power requirements make it feasible to use the microscope of this disclosure in remote areas, e.g., malaria detection or cancer screening in Africa or remote Pacific islands. Additionally, by providing the ability to run inference locally or offline, no data needs to be uploaded, which eliminates data sharing restrictions, internet connectivity, as well as upload bandwidth requirements.
[0029] In another aspect of this disclosure a system includes a compute unit storing an ensemble of deep neural network pattern recognizers trained on a set of slides at different magnifications, coupled to a microscope having a digital camera and optics for superimposing or overlaying enhancements onto the current view through the microscope eyepiece. In one embodiment, there are several of such ensembles, one for each type of pattern recognition application, stored on discrete portable computer storage media, such as for example an SD card or the like. We envision a modular system in which the compute unit has an interface (e.g., SD card slot) for receiving any one of a multitude of individual SD cards each loaded with an ensemble of pattern recognizers for a particular application (e.g., breast cancer detection, prostate cancer detection, malaria detection, etc.), enabling the microscope to be fitted and upgraded with the software and models for different pathology applications as the needs of the pathologist evolve.
[0030] Alternatively, the interface in the compute unit may connect to a local or wide area network, such as the internet, and additional ensembles of machine learning pattern recognizers could be downloaded to the compute unit from a remote location, such as a remote data store, the cloud, or a remote server.
[0031] As used in this document, the term “biological sample” is intended to be defined broadly to encompass blood or blood components, tissue or fragments thereof from plants or animals, sputum, stool, urine or other bodily substances, as well as water, soil or food samples potentially containing pathogens.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0032] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an augmented reality microscope system for pathology, which is shown in conjunction with an optional connected pathologist workstation.
[0033] FIG. 2A is an illustration of the field of view of a microscope showing a breast cancer specimen at a given magnification level, for example 10.times.. FIG. 2B is an illustration of an augmented view seen by the pathologist using the microscope of FIG. 1, with an enhancement in the form of a “heat map” superimposed on the field of view in registry will cells in the sample which are likely to be cancerous. The superimposing of the heat map in FIG. 2B assists the pathologist in characterizing the sample because it directs their attention to areas of interest that are particularly likely to be cancerous. If the pathologist were to change microscope objective lenses in order to zoom in on the heat map area of FIG. 2B (e.g., change to a 40.times. lens) a new field of view of the sample would be seen through the microscope eyepiece, a new image captured, and in substantial real time (e.g., with a second or two) a new heat map would be overlaid on the field of view (not shown) to further aid the pathologist’s investigation of the sample.
[0034] FIG. 3A is an illustration of the field of view of a microscope showing a prostate cancer specimen at a given magnification level, for example 10.times.. FIG. 3B is an illustration of an augmented view seen by the pathologist using the microscope of FIG. 1, with an enhancement in the form of an outline superimposed on the field of view circumscribing cells in the sample which are likely to be cancerous. The enhancement further includes a text box providing annotations, in this example Gleason score grading and tumor size data. The superimposing of the outline and annotations FIG. 3B assists the pathologist in characterizing the sample because it directs their attention to areas of interest that are particularly likely to be cancerous and provides proposed scores for the sample. If the pathologist were to change focal plane position or depth (i.e., adjust focus of the microscope) in order to probe the area of interest within the outline at different depths, a new field of view of the sample would be seen through the microscope eyepiece and captured by the camera, and in substantial real time (e.g., within a second or two) a new enhancement (not shown), e.g., outline and annotation text box, would be overlaid on the field of view to further aid the pathologist’s investigation of the sample.
[0035] FIG. 4A is an illustration of the field of view through the microscope of a blood sample at low magnification. FIG. 4B shows the field of view of FIG. 4A but with an enhancement in the form of rectangles identifying malaria parasites (plasmodium) present in the sample overlaid on the field of view to assist the pathologist in characterizing the sample.
[0036] FIG. 5 is a more detailed block diagram of the compute unit of FIG. 1.
[0037] FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing the work flow of the system of FIG. 1.
[0038] FIG. 7 is a chart showing a color code or scale for interpreting an enhancement in the form of a heat map.
[0039] FIG. 8 is an illustration of a machine learning pattern recognizer in the form of an ensemble of independent deep convolutional neural networks which are pre-trained on a set of microscope slide images. Each member of the ensemble is trained at a particular magnification level.
[0040] FIG. 9 is an illustration of a set of portable computer storage media, each of which is loaded with code, parameters, and associated data representing an ensemble of independent deep convolutional neural networks trained on a set of microscope slide images for a particular application, such as detection of breast cancer in breast tissue, detection and characterization of cancer cells in prostate tissue, etc. A user of the system of FIG. 1 who wants to augment the capability of the microscope system can obtain one or more of the media of FIG. 9 and load the associated ensemble of deep convolutional neutral networks into the local compute unit of FIGS. 1 and 5. Alternatively, additional ensembles of deep convolutional neural networks could be downloaded from a remote data store over a network interface in the compute unit.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0041] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an augmented reality microscope system 100 for pathology, which is shown in conjunction with an optional connected pathologist workstation 140. The system 100 includes a conventional pathologist microscope 102 which includes an eyepiece 104 (optionally a second eyepiece in the case of a stereoscopic microscope). A stage 110 supports a slide 114 containing a biological sample. An illumination source 112 projects light through the sample. A microscope objective lens 108 directs an image of the sample as indicated by the arrow 106 to an optics module 120. Additional lenses 108A and 108B are provided in the microscope for providing different levels of magnification. A focus adjustment knob 160 allows the user to change the depth of focus of the lens 108.
[0042] The microscope includes an optics module 120 which incorporates a component, such as a semitransparent mirror 122 or beam combiner/splitter for overlaying an enhancement onto the field of view through the eyepiece. The optics module 120 allows the pathologist to see the field of view of the microscope as he would in a conventional microscope, and, on demand or automatically, see an enhancement (heat map, boundary or outline, annotations, etc.) as an overlay on the field of view which is projected into the field of view by an augmented reality (AR) display generation unit 128 and lens 130. The image generated by the display unit 128 is combined with the microscope field of view by the semitransparent mirror 122. As an alternative to the semitransparent mirror, a liquid crystal display (LCD) could be placed in the optical path that uses a transmissive negative image to project the enhancement into the optical path.
[0043] The optics module 120 can take a variety of different forms, and various nomenclature is used in the art to describe such a module. For example, it is referred to as a “projection unit”, “image injection module” or “optical see-through display technology.” Literature describing such units include US patent application publication 2016/0183779 (see description of FIGS. 1, 11, 12, 13) and published PCT application WO 2016/130424A1 (see description of FIGS. 2, 3, 4A-4C); Watson et al., Augmented microscopy: real-time overlay of bright-field and near-infrared fluorescence images, Journal of Biomedical optics, vol. 20 (10) October 2015; Edwards et al., Augmentation of Reality Using an Operating Microscope, J. Image Guided Surgery. Vol. 1 no. 3 (1995); Edwards et al., Stereo augmented reality in the surgical microscope, Medicine Meets Virtual Reality (19997) J. D. Westward et al (eds.) IOS Press, p. 102.
[0044] The semi-transparent mirror 122 directs the field of view of the microscope to both the eyepiece 104 and also to a digital camera 124. A lens for the camera is not shown but is conventional. The camera may take the form of a high resolution (e.g., 16 megapixel) video camera operating at say 10 or 30 frames per second. The digital camera captures magnified images of the sample as seen through the eyepiece of the microscope. Digital images captured by the camera are supplied to a compute unit 126. The compute unit 126 will be described in more detail in FIG. 5. Alternatively, the camera may take the form of an ultra-high resolution digital camera such as APS-H-size (approx. 29.2.times.20.2 mm) 250 megapixel CMOS sensor developed by Cannon and announced in September 2015.
[0045] Briefly, the compute unit 126 includes a machine learning pattern recognizer which receives the images from the camera. The machine learning pattern recognizer may take the form of a deep convolutional neural network which is trained on a set of microscope slide images of the same type as the biological specimen under examination. Additionally, the pattern recognizer will preferably take the form of an ensemble of pattern recognizers, each trained on a set of slides at a different level of magnification, e.g., 5.times., 10.times., 20.times., 40.times.. The pattern recognizer is trained to identify regions of interest in an image (e.g., cancerous cells or tissue, pathogens such as viruses or bacteria, eggs from parasites, etc.) in biological samples of the type currently placed on the stage. The pattern recognizer recognizes regions of interest on the image captured by the camera 124. The compute unit 126 generates data representing an enhancement to the view of the sample as seen by the user, which is generated and projected by the AR display unit 128 and combined with the eyepiece field of view by the semitransparent mirror 122.
[0046] The essentially continuous capture of images by the camera 124, rapid performance of interference on the images by the pattern recognizer, and generation and projection of enhancements as overlays onto the field of view, enables the system 100 of FIG. 1 to continue to provide enhancements to the field of view and assist the pathologist in characterizing or classifying the specimen in substantial real time as the operator navigates around the slide (e.g., by use of a motor 116 driving the stage), by changing magnification by switching to a different objective lens 108A or 108B, or by changing depth of focus by operating the focus knob 160. This is a substantial advance in the art and improvement over conventional pathology using a microscope.
[0047] By “substantial real time,” we mean that an enhancement or overlay is projected onto the field of view within 10 seconds of changing magnification, changing depth of focus, or navigating and then stopping at a new location on the slide. In practice, as explained below, with the optional use of inference accelerators, we expect that in most cases the new overlay can be generated and projected onto the field of view within a matter of a second or two or even a fraction of a second of a change in focus, change in magnification, or change in slide position.
[0048] In summary then, a method is disclosed of assisting a user (e.g., pathologist) in review of a slide 114 containing a biological sample with a microscope 102 having an eyepiece 104. The method includes a step of capturing with a camera 124 a digital image of the sample as seen by the user through the eyepiece of the microscope, using a machine learning pattern recognizer (200, FIG. 5, FIG. 8) to identify areas of interest in the sample from the image captured by the camera 124, and superimposing an enhancement to the view of the sample as seen by the user through the eyepiece of the microscope as an overlay. As the user moves the sample relative to the microscope optics or changes magnification or focus of the microscope, a new image is captured by the camera and supplied to the machine learning pattern recognizer, and a new enhancement is overlaid onto the new view of the sample as seen through the eyepiece in substantial real time. The overlaid enhancement assists the user in classifying the biological sample.
[0049] FIG. 2A is an illustration of the field of view 150 of a microscope showing a breast cancer specimen 152 at a given magnification level, for example 10.times.. FIG. 2A shows the field of view with no enhancement, as would be the case with a prior art microscope. FIG. 2B is an illustration of an augmented view seen by the pathologist using the microscope of FIG. 1, with an enhancement 154 in the form of a “heat map” superimposed on the field of view in registry will cells in the sample which are likely to be cancerous. The “heat map” is a set of pixels representing tissue likely to be cancerous which are colored in accordance with the code of FIG. 7 to highlight areas (e.g. in red) which have a high probability of containing cancerous cells. The superimposing of the heat map 154 in FIG. 2B assists the pathologist in characterizing the sample because it directs their attention to areas of interest that are particularly likely to be cancerous. If the pathologist were to change microscope objective lenses (e.g., select lens 108A in FIG. 1) in order to zoom in on the heat map area 154 of FIG. 2B (e.g., change to a 40.times. lens), a new field of view of the sample would be seen through the microscope eyepiece and directed to the camera. The camera 124 captures a new image, and in substantial real time (e.g., with a second or two) a new heat map 154 (not shown) would be generated and overlaid on the field of view to further aid the pathologist’s investigation of the sample at the higher magnification.
[0050] In one possible configuration, the microscope 102 includes a capability to identify which microscope objective lens is currently in position to image the sample, e.g., with a switch or by user instruction to microscope electronics controlling the operation of the turret containing the lenses, and such identification is passed to the compute unit 126 using simple electronics so that the correct machine learning pattern recognition module in an ensemble of pattern recognizers (see FIG. 8 below) is tasked to perform inference on the new field of view image.
[0051] FIG. 3A is an illustration of the field of view 150 of a microscope showing a prostate cancer specimen at a given magnification level, for example 10.times., as it would be in a conventional microscope without the capability of this disclosure. FIG. 3B is an illustration of an augmented field of view 150 seen by the pathologist using the microscope of FIG. 1, with an enhancement in the form of an outline 156 superimposed on the field of view circumscribing cells in the sample which are likely to be cancerous. The enhancement further includes a text box 158 providing annotations, in this example Gleason score grading and size measurements. In this particular example, the annotations are that 87 percent of the cells within the outline are Gleason grade 3 score, 13 percent of the cells are Gleason grade 4 score, and the tumor composed of cells of Gleason grade 4 score has a diameter of 0.12 .mu.m.
[0052] Another possible enhancement is a confidence score that the cells of the sample are cancerous. For example, the enhancement could take the form of a probability or confidence score, such as 85% confidence that the cells in the outline are Gleason Grade 3, and 15% confidence that the cells in the outline are Gleason Grade 4. Additionally, the measurement (0.12 .mu.m) could be the diameter of the whole outlined region.
[0053] The superimposing of the outline and annotations FIG. 3B assists the pathologist in characterizing the sample because it directs their attention to areas of interest that are particularly likely to be cancerous and provides proposed scores for the sample. If the pathologist were to change depth of focus of the microscope in order to probe the area of interest within the outline 156, a new field of view of the sample would be seen through the microscope eyepiece and captured by the camera 124, and in substantial real time (e.g., within a second or two) a new enhancement, e.g., outline and annotation text box, would be overlaid on the field of view (not shown) to further aid the pathologist’s investigation of the sample. The system of FIG. 1 optionally includes the ability for the pathologist to turn on or off the enhancement projections, e.g., by providing controls for the system on the attached workstation 140 of FIG. 1, providing a simple user interface on the compute unit 126, or by a foot switch that turns on and off the AR display unit 128.
[0054] FIG. 4A is a hypothetical illustration of the field of view 150 through the microscope of a blood sample at low magnification, as it would be seen in a conventional microscope. The view includes various blood fragments (red and white blood cells) and components such as platelets. FIG. 4B shows the same field of view of FIG. 4A but with an enhancement in the form of rectangles 156 identifying malaria parasites (plasmodium) present in the sample overlaid on the field of view to assist the pathologist in characterizing the sample, in this case as positive for malaria.
[0055] Table 1 below lists optical characteristics of a typical microscope for pathology and the digital resolution of a camera 124 which could be used in FIG. 1.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Digital Field of View resolution Objective (diameter) (.mu.m per pixel)* Used for 4x 4.5 mm 3.5 Low power (screening) 10x 1.8 mm 1.4 Low power (tissue morphology) 20x 0.9 mm 0.7 Medium power 40x 0.45 mm 0.35 High power (cellular detail) 100x 0.18 mm 0.14 Special purpose (cytology, e.g. malaria) needs special optics with oil immersion based on an 16* MP camera**
