Meta Patent | Osc metasurfaces
Publication Number: 20260056348
Publication Date: 2026-02-26
Assignee: Meta Platforms Technologies
Abstract
A display includes a waveguide having a surface, a primary electrode overlying the surface of the waveguide, a secondary electrode overlapping at least a portion of the primary electrode, and a light input coupling element disposed between the primary electrode and the secondary electrode, wherein the light input coupling element comprises an organic solid crystal metasurface.
Claims
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Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 18/158,653 filed Jan. 24, 2023, which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 (e) of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 63/348,740, filed Jun. 3, 2022, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The accompanying drawings illustrate a number of exemplary embodiments and are a part of the specification. Together with the following description, these drawings demonstrate and explain various principles of the instant disclosure.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional perspective view of an optical element including an organic solid crystal (OSC) metasurface according to some embodiments.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional perspective view of an optical element including an organic solid crystal (OSC) metasurface with light scattering features having different heights according to some embodiments.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional perspective view of an optical element including an organic solid crystal (OSC) metasurface with light scattering features having different lateral dimensions according to some embodiments.
FIG. 4 is a top-down plan view of an optical element including a regular array of equivalent OSC-based light scattering features according to certain embodiments.
FIG. 5 is a top-down plan view of an optical element including a regular array of geometrically diverse light scattering features according to certain embodiments.
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of an active optical element including an electroded metasurface according to various embodiments.
FIG. 7 is a top-down plan view of an optical element including an array of rotationally offset light scattering features according to certain embodiments.
FIG. 8 is an illustration of an example artificial-reality system according to some embodiments of this disclosure.
FIG. 9 is an illustration of an example artificial-reality system with a handheld device according to some embodiments of this disclosure.
FIG. 10A is an illustration of example user interactions within an artificial-reality system according to some embodiments of this disclosure.
FIG. 10B is an illustration of example user interactions within an artificial-reality system according to some embodiments of this disclosure.
FIG. 11A is an illustration of example user interactions within an artificial-reality system according to some embodiments of this disclosure.
FIG. 11B is an illustration of example user interactions within an artificial-reality system according to some embodiments of this disclosure.
FIG. 12 is an illustration of an example wrist-wearable device of an artificial-reality system according to some embodiments of this disclosure.
FIG. 13 is an illustration of an example wearable artificial-reality system according to some embodiments of this disclosure.
FIG. 14 is an illustration of an example augmented-reality system according to some embodiments of this disclosure.
FIG. 15A is an illustration of an example virtual-reality system according to some embodiments of this disclosure.
FIG. 15B is an illustration of another perspective of the virtual-reality system shown in FIG. 15A.
FIG. 16 is a block diagram showing system components of example artificial- and virtual-reality systems.
Throughout the drawings, identical reference characters and descriptions indicate similar, but not necessarily identical, elements. While the exemplary embodiments described herein are susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail herein. However, the exemplary embodiments described herein are not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, the instant disclosure covers all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the scope of the appended claims.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
Metasurfaces include engineered nanostructures having sub-wavelength dimensions. A “metasurface” may include structured or unstructured subwavelength-scale features disposed on a supporting substrate or within a supporting matrix. Metasurfaces may include multi-resonance or gap-surface plasmon (GSP) structures, Pancharatnam-Berry phase metasurfaces, and Huygens' metasurfaces. A metasurface may include hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs), for example. According to particular embodiments, a metasurface includes features manufactured from an organic solid crystal. Features located on the metasurface may include a plurality of spaced apart protrusions.
The composition, design, and configuration of the constituent nanoscale features (i.e., metaatoms), optionally in conjunction with one or more functional materials, may be used to impart customized phase, amplitude, directionality, and/or far field profile to incident light, and may be extended to include polarization conversion and wavefront shaping, for example. Additionally, metasurfaces can be lithographically mass-produced, enabling miniature and multifunctional metasurface optical elements. Metasurfaces formed from a birefringent organic solid crystal may be configured to create a desired polarization response, for example. Various embodiments thus relate to the design of metasurfaces for the efficient manipulation of incident light.
A system may include a source configured to emit light and a metasurface located proximate to a light emitting surface of the source, where the metasurface is configured to modify at least one property of the emitted light. Such a system may be incorporated into a head-mounted display.
By way of example, and in accordance with various embodiments, an integrated metasurface may condense the far field profile of a source of partially spatially or temporally coherent light and accordingly improve the coupling or collection efficiency of emitted light into an optical element such as a lens or a waveguide. In this regard, it is known that the far field profile of light emitted from a source having a smaller output area may be more diffuse than light emitted from a larger source. Applicants have shown that an integrated metasurface may improve the collection optics of a partially spatially or temporally coherent source, and in particular a source that may be characterized by a lateral dimension of less than approximately 50 micrometers, e.g., less than 50, 40, 30, 20, or 10 micrometers, including ranges between any of the foregoing values. In some examples, a metasurface may be incorporated into or form an input or output grating for a waveguide combiner.
Example sources may include one or more multi-mode lasers, one or more vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs), or one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs), including regular or irregular arrays thereof. A further example light source may include an organic light emitting diode (OLED).
In some systems, the source may have a compact light emitting surface. Particular examples include an LED source having a light emitting surface characterized by a lateral dimension of less than approximately 50 micrometers, and an OLED source having a light emitting surface characterized by a lateral dimension of less than approximately 200 micrometers. Further examples include a VCSEL source having a light emitting surface characterized by a lateral dimension of less than approximately 50 micrometers. In some embodiments, each addressable element (i.e., pixel) within a display device may have a corresponding metasurface. The source may emit light within the visible spectrum, and the emitted light may be continuous or pulsed. As used herein, the terms “source” or “light source” and “emitter” may be used interchangeably.
The metasurface may include one or more surfaces. In particular embodiments, the metasurface may include a multiplexed 2D array of coherent metasurfaces. As used herein, and in accordance with some examples, a “coherent metasurface” may be configured to transform an incident waveform (e.g., red light) into a desired waveform (e.g., blue light) by spatially varying scattering along the surface. In further embodiments, the metasurface may include a multilayer, i.e., 3D architecture. For instance, a system may include a plurality of coherent metasurfaces, where each coherent metasurface is configured to modify a property of a selected mode of emitted light.
A metasurface may include various classes or organic solid crystal materials, and may be passive or active. A metasurface may include an organic solid crystal (OSC), i.e., OSC material-based metaatoms. An active metasurface may be dynamically reconfigurable through the application of a current, voltage, temperature, or mechanical force. A metasurface may be located in close proximity to the light emitting surface of a source. In some systems, a distance between the light emitting surface and the metasurface may be less than approximately 202, where λ is the wavelength of the incident light. In particular embodiments, a distance between the light emitting surface and the metasurface may be less than approximately 10 micrometers.
According to further embodiments, a method may include emitting partially spatially or temporally coherent light from a source, and passing the emitted light through a metasurface located proximate to the source, such that the metasurface modifies at least one property of the emitted light.
Organic solid crystal thin films may be incorporated into a metasurface as a single layer or multilayer architecture. A multilayer thin film that includes plural layers of an organic solid crystal material may include a plurality of biaxially oriented organic solid material layers. Each biaxial layer may be characterized by three mutually orthogonal refractive indices (n1, n2, n3) where n1≠n2≠n3.
According to particular embodiments, a multilayer organic solid thin film may be incorporated into a light source such as an OLED to improve light extraction efficiency. By aligning (i.e., rotating) each layer in plane with respect to an adjacent layer, such biaxially oriented multilayer thin films may enable higher signal efficiency and greater ghost image suppression than architectures using comparative materials. Organic solid thin films can also be used in various projectors as a brightness enhancement layer.
One or more source materials may be used to form an organic solid thin film, including a multilayer thin film. Example organic materials may include various classes of crystallizable organic semiconductors. In accordance with various embodiments, organic semiconductors may include small molecules, macromolecules, liquid crystals, organometallic compounds, oligomers, and polymers. Organic semiconductors may include p-type, n-type, or ambipolar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as such as benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, tetracene, pentacene, 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, and 2,6-dimethyl carboxylic esters. Example compounds may include cyclic, linear and/or branched structures, which may be saturated or unsaturated, and may additionally include heteroatoms and/or saturated or unsaturated heterocycles, such as furan, pyrrole, thiophene, pyridine, pyrimidine, piperidine, and the like. Heteroatoms may include nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, phosphorus, selenium, tellurium, fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
Compounds can be chelated to metals, such as copper phthalocyanine. Crystals can also be doped with other materials including metals, iodine, and other organic semiconductors. Suitable feedstock for molding solid organic semiconductor materials may include neat organic compositions, melts, solutions, or suspensions containing one or more of the organic materials disclosed herein.
Structurally, the disclosed organic materials, as well as the thin films derived therefrom, may be single crystal, polycrystalline, or glassy. Organic solid crystals may include closely packed structures (e.g., organic molecules) that exhibit desirable optical properties such as a high and tunable refractive index, and high birefringence. Anisotropic organic solid materials may include a preferred packing of molecules or a preferred orientation or alignment of molecules.
Such organic solid crystal (OSC) materials may provide functionalities, including phase modulation, beam steering, wave-front shaping and correction, optical communication, optical computation, holography, and the like. Due to their optical and mechanical properties, organic solid crystals may enable high-performance devices, and may be incorporated into passive or active optics, including AR/VR headsets, and may replace comparative material systems such as polymers, inorganic materials, and liquid crystals. In certain aspects, organic solid crystals may have optical properties that rival those of inorganic crystals while exhibiting the processability and electrical response of liquid crystals.
Due to their relatively low melting temperature, organic solid crystal materials may be molded to form a desired structure. Molding processes may enable complex architectures and may be more economical than the cutting, grinding, and polishing of bulk crystals. In one example, a single crystal or polycrystalline shape such as a sheet or cube may be partially or fully melted into a desired form and then controllably cooled to form a single crystal having a new shape.
A process of molding an optically anisotropic crystalline or partially crystalline thin film, for example, may include operational control of the thermodynamics and kinetics of nucleation and crystal growth. In certain embodiments, a temperature during molding proximate to a nucleation region of a mold may be less than a melting onset temperature (Tm) of a molding composition, while the temperature remote from the nucleation region may be greater than the melting onset temperature. Such a temperature gradient paradigm may be obtained through a spatially applied thermal gradient, optionally in conjunction with a selective melting process (e.g., laser, soldering iron, etc.) to remove excess nuclei, leaving few nuclei (e.g., a single nucleus) for crystal growth.
To promote nucleation and crystal growth, a selected temperature and temperature gradient may be applied to a crystallization front of a nascent thin film. For instance, the temperature and temperature gradient proximate to the crystallization front may be determined based on the selected feedstock (i.e., molding composition), including its melting temperature, thermal stability, and rheological attributes.
A suitable mold for molding an organic solid thin film may be formed from a material having a softening temperature or a glass transition temperature (Tg) greater than the melting onset temperature (Tm) of the molding composition. The mold may include any suitable material, e.g., silicon, silicon dioxide, fused silica, quartz, glass, nickel, silicone, siloxanes, perfluoropolyethers, polytetrafluoroethylenes, perfluoroalkoxy alkanes, polyimide, polyethylene naphthalate, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyphenylene sulfide, and the like.
An epitaxial or non-epitaxial growth process may be used to form an organic solid crystal (OSC) layer over a suitable substrate or mold. A seed crystal for encouraging crystal nucleation and an anti-nucleation layer configured to locally inhibit nucleation may collectively promote the formation of a limited number of crystal nuclei within one or more specified location(s), which may in turn encourage the formation of larger, contiguous organic solid crystals. In some embodiments, a nucleation-promoting layer or seed crystal may itself be configured as a thin film.
Example nucleation-promoting or seed materials may include one or more metallic or inorganic elements or compounds, such as Pt, Ag, Au, Al, Pb, indium tin oxide, SiO2, and the like. Further example nucleation-promoting or seed crystal materials may include organic compounds, such as a polyimide, polyamide, polyurethane, polyurea, polythiolurethane, polyethylene, polysulfonate, polyolefin, as well as mixtures and combinations thereof. Further example nucleation-promoting materials include small molecule organic single crystals, such as single crystals of anthracene, pentathiophene, tolane, and the like. In some examples, a nucleation-promoting material may be configured as a textured or aligned layer, such as a rubbed polyimide or photoalignment layer, which may be configured to induce directionality or a preferred orientation to an over-formed organic solid crystal thin film.
An example method for manufacturing an organic solid crystal thin film includes providing a mold, forming a layer of a nucleation-promoting material over at least a portion of a surface of the mold, and depositing a layer of molten feedstock over the surface of the mold and in contact with the layer of the nucleation-promoting material, while maintaining a temperature gradient across the layer of the molten feedstock.
An anti-nucleation layer may include a dielectric material. In further embodiments, an anti-nucleation layer may include an amorphous material. In example processes, crystal nucleation may occur independent of the substrate or mold.
In some embodiments, a surface treatment or release layer disposed over the substrate or mold may be used to control nucleation and growth of the organic solid crystal (OSC) and later promote separation and harvesting of a bulk crystal or thin film. For instance, a coating having a solubility parameter mismatch with the deposition chemistry may be applied to the substrate (e.g., globally or locally) to suppress interaction between the substrate and the crystallizing layer during the deposition process.
Example surface treatment coatings may include oleophobic coatings or hydrophobic coatings. A thin layer, e.g., monolayer or bilayer, of an oleophobic material or a hydrophobic material may be used to condition the substrate or mold prior to an epitaxial process. The coating material may be selected based on the substrate and/or the organic crystalline material. Further example surface treatment coating materials include siloxanes, fluorosiloxanes, phenyl siloxanes, fluorinated coatings, polyvinyl alcohol, and other OH bearing coatings, acrylics, polyurethanes, polyesters, polyimides, and the like.
In some embodiments, a release agent may be applied to an internal surface of the mold and/or combined with the molding composition. A surface treatment of an inner surface of the mold may include the chemical bonding or physical adsorption of small molecules, or polymers/oligomers having linear, branched, dendritic, or ringed structures, that may be functionalized or terminated, for example, with fluorinated groups, silicones, or hydrocarbon groups.
A buffer layer may be formed over the deposition surface of a substrate or mold. A buffer layer may include a small molecule that may be similar to or even equivalent to the small molecule forming the organic solid crystal, e.g., an anthracene single crystal. A buffer layer may be used to tune one or more properties of the deposition/growth surface of the substrate or mold, including surface energy, wettability, crystalline or molecular orientation, etc.
A further example method for manufacturing an organic solid crystal thin film includes forming a layer of a molecular feedstock over a surface of a mold, the molecular feedstock including crystallizable organic molecules, forming a selected number of crystal nuclei from the organic molecules within a nucleation region of the molecular feedstock layer, and growing the selected number of crystal nuclei to form an organic solid crystal thin film. In some embodiments, the selected number of crystal nuclei may be one. Crystal growth may be controlled using an isothermal process, slow cooling, and zone annealing.
In some embodiments, an additive may be used to encourage the growth of a single crystal and/or its release from the mold. In some embodiments, in addition to the precursor (i.e., crystallizable organic molecules) for the organic solid crystal, a molecular feedstock may include an additive selected from polymers, oligomers, and small molecules, where the additive may have a melting onset temperature of at least 20° C. less than a melting onset temperature of the organic solid crystal precursor, e.g., 20° C., 30° C., or even 40° C. less than the melting onset temperature of the molding composition. An additive may promote crystal growth and the formation of a large crystal size. In some embodiments, an additive may be integrated with a molding process to improve the characteristics of a molded organic solid thin film, including its surface roughness.
During the act of molding, and in accordance with particular embodiments, a cover plate may be applied to a free surface of the organic solid crystal thin film. The cover plate may be oriented at an angle with respect to a major surface of the thin film. A force may be applied to the cover plate to generate capillary forces that facilitate mass transport of the molten feedstock, i.e., between the cover plate and the substrate and in the direction of a crystallization front of a growing crystalline thin film. In some embodiments, such as through vertical orientation of the deposition system, the force of gravity may contribute to mass transport and the delivery of the molten feedstock to the crystallization front. Suitable materials for the cover plate and the substrate may independently include silicon dioxide, fused silica, high index glasses, high index inorganic crystals, and high melting temperature polymers (e.g., siloxanes, polyimides, PTFE, PFA, etc.), although further material compositions are contemplated. In particular embodiments, a substrate supporting an OSC metasurface may include an organic solid crystal.
According to particular embodiments, a method of forming an organic solid crystal (OSC) may include contacting an organic precursor (i.e., crystallizable organic molecules) with a non-volatile medium material, forming a layer including the organic precursor over a surface of a substrate or mold, and processing the organic precursor to form an organic crystalline phase, where the organic crystalline phase may include a preferred orientation of molecules.
The act of contacting the organic precursor with the non-volatile medium material may include forming a homogeneous mixture of the organic precursor and the non-volatile medium material. In further embodiments, the act of contacting the organic precursor with the non-volatile medium material may include forming a layer of the non-volatile medium material over a surface of a substrate or mold and forming a layer of the organic precursor over the layer of the non-volatile medium material.
In some embodiments, a non-volatile medium material may be disposed between the mold surface and the organic precursor and may be adapted to decrease the surface roughness of the molded organic thin film and promote its release from the mold while locally inhibiting nucleation of a crystalline phase. Example non-volatile medium materials include liquids such as silicone oil, a fluorinated polymer, a polyolefin and/or polyethylene glycol. Further example non-volatile medium materials may include crystalline materials having a melting temperature that is less than the melting temperature of the organic precursor material. In some embodiments the mold surface may be pre-treated in order to improve wetting and/or adhesion of the non-volatile medium material.
The substrate or mold may include a surface that may be configured to provide a desired shape to the molded organic solid thin film. For example, the substrate or mold surface may be planar, concave, or convex, and may include a three-dimensional architecture, such as surface relief gratings, or a curvature (e.g., compound curvature) configured to form microlenses, microprisms, or prismatic lenses. According to some embodiments, a substrate or mold geometry may be transferred and incorporated into a surface of an over-formed organic solid crystal thin film. For the sake of convenience, the terms “substrate” and “mold” may be used interchangeably herein unless the context indicates otherwise.
The deposition surface of a substrate or mold may include a functional layer that is configured to be transferred to the organic solid crystal after formation of the organic solid crystal and its separation from the substrate or mold. Functional layers may include an interference coating, an AR coating, a reflectivity enhancing coating, a bandpass coating, a band-block coating, blanket or patterned electrodes, etc. By way of example, an electrode may include any suitably electrically conductive material such as a metal, a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) (e.g., indium tin oxide or indium gallium zinc oxide), or a metal mesh or nanowire matrix (e.g., including metal nanowires or carbon nanotubes).
In lieu of, or in addition to, molding, further example deposition methods for forming organic solid crystals include vapor phase growth, solid state growth, melt-based growth, solution growth, etc., optionally in conjunction with a suitable substrate and/or seed crystal. A substrate may be organic or inorganic. By way of example, thin film solid organic materials may be manufactured using one or more processes selected from chemical vapor deposition and physical vapor deposition. Further coating processes, e.g., from solution or a melt, may include 3D printing, ink jet printing, gravure printing, doctor blading, spin coating, and the like. Such processes may induce shear during the act of coating and accordingly may contribute to crystallite or molecular alignment and a preferred orientation of crystallites and/or molecules within an organic solid crystal thin film. A still further example method may include pulling a free-standing crystal from a melt. According to some embodiments, solid-, liquid-, or gas-phase deposition processes may include epitaxial processes.
As used herein, the terms “epitaxy,” “epitaxial” and/or “epitaxial growth and/or deposition” refer to the nucleation and growth of an organic solid crystal on a deposition surface where the organic solid crystal layer being grown assumes the same crystalline habit as the material of the deposition surface. For example, in an epitaxial deposition process, chemical reactants may be controlled, and the system parameters may be set so that depositing atoms or molecules alight on the deposition surface and remain sufficiently mobile via surface diffusion to orient themselves according to the crystalline orientation of the atoms or molecules of the deposition surface. An epitaxial process may be homogeneous or heterogeneous.
In accordance with various embodiments, the optical and electrooptical properties of an organic solid crystal thin film may be tuned using doping and related techniques. Doping may influence the polarizability of an organic solid crystal, for example. The introduction of dopants, i.e., impurities, into an organic solid crystal, may influence, for example, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) bands and hence the band gap thereof, induced dipole moment, and/or molecular/crystal polarizability.
Doping may be performed in situ, i.e., during epitaxial growth, or following epitaxial growth, for example, using ion implantation or plasma doping. In exemplary embodiments, doping may be used to modify the electronic structure of an organic solid crystal without damaging molecular packing or the crystal structure itself. In this vein, a post-implantation annealing step may be used to heal crystal defects introduced during ion implantation or plasma doping. Annealing may include rapid thermal annealing or pulsed annealing, for example.
Doping changes the electron and hole carrier concentrations of a host material at thermal equilibrium. A doped organic solid crystal may be p-type, n-type, or ambipolar. As used herein, “p-type” refers to the addition of impurities to an organic solid crystal that create a deficiency of valence electrons, whereas “n-type” refers to the addition of impurities that contribute free electrons to an organic solid crystal. Without wishing to be bound by theory, doping may influence “π-stacking” and “π-π interactions” within an organic solid crystal.
Example dopants include Lewis acids (electron acceptors) and Lewis bases (electron donors). Particular examples include charge-neutral and ionic species, e.g., Brønsted acids and Brønsted bases, which in conjunction with the aforementioned processes may be incorporated into an organic solid crystal by solution growth or co-deposition from the vapor phase. In particular embodiments, a dopant may include an organic molecule, an organic ion, an inorganic molecule, or an inorganic ion. A doping profile may be homogeneous or localized to a particular region (e.g., depth or area) of an organic solid crystal.
During nucleation and growth, the orientation of the in-plane axes of an OSC thin film may be controlled using one or more of substrate temperature, deposition pressure, solvent vapor pressure, or non-solvent vapor pressure. High refractive index and highly birefringent organic solid thin films may be supported by a substrate or mold or removed therefrom to form a free-standing thin film. A substrate, if used, may be rigid or deformable.
Example processes may be integrated with a real-time feedback loop that is configured to assess one or more attributes of the organic solid crystal and accordingly adjust one or more process variables, including melt temperature, mold temperature, feedstock injection rate into a mold, etc.
Following deposition, an OSC thin film may be diced and polished to achieve a desired form factor and surface quality. Dicing may include diamond turning, for example, although other cutting methods may be used. Polishing may include chemical mechanical polishing. In some embodiments, a chemical or mechanical surface treatment may be used to create structures on a surface of an OSC thin film. Example surface treatment methods include diamond turning and photolithography and etch processes. In some embodiments, a cover plate or substrate with reciprocal structures may be used to fabricate surface structures in an OSC thin film.
An organic thin film may include a surface that is planar, convex, or concave. In some embodiments, the surface may include a three-dimensional architecture, such as a periodic surface relief grating. In further embodiments, a thin film may be configured as a microlens or a prismatic lens. For instance, polarization optics may include a microlens that selectively focuses one polarization of light over another. In some embodiments, a structured surface may be formed in situ, i.e., during crystal growth of the organic solid crystal thin film over a suitably shaped mold. In further embodiments, a structured surface may be formed after crystal growth, e.g., using additive or subtractive processing, such as 3D printing or photolithography and etching. The nucleation and growth kinetics and choice of chemistry may be selected to produce a solid organic crystal thin film having areal (lateral) dimensions of at least approximately 1 cm.
The organic crystalline phase may be single crystal or polycrystalline. In some embodiments, the organic crystalline phase may include amorphous regions. In some embodiments, the organic crystalline phase may be substantially crystalline. The organic crystalline phase may be characterized by a refractive index along at least one principal axis of at least approximately 1.5 at 589 nm. By way of example, the refractive index of the organic crystalline phase at 589 nm and along at least one principal axis may be at least approximately 1.5, at least approximately 1.6, at least approximately 1.7, at least approximately 1.8, at least approximately 1.9, at least approximately 2.0, at least approximately 2.1, at least approximately 2.2, at least approximately 2.3, at least approximately 2.4, at least approximately 2.5, or at least approximately 2.6, including ranges between any of the foregoing values.
In some embodiments, the organic crystalline phase may be characterized by a birefringence (Δn) (where n1≠n2≠n3, n1≠n2=n3, or n1=n2≠n3) of at least approximately 0.01, e.g., at least approximately 0.01, at least approximately 0.02, at least approximately 0.05, at least approximately 0.1, at least approximately 0.2, at least approximately 0.3, at least approximately 0.4, or at least approximately 0.5, including ranges between any of the foregoing values. In some embodiments, a birefringent organic crystalline phase may be characterized by a birefringence of less than approximately 0.01, e.g., less than approximately 0.01, less than approximately 0.005, less than approximately 0.002, or less than approximately 0.001, including ranges between any of the foregoing values.
Three axis ellipsometry data for example isotropic or anisotropic organic molecules are shown in Table 1. The data include predicted and measured refractive index values and birefringence values for 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene (1,2,3-TCB), 1,2-diphenylethyne (1,2-DPE), and phenazine. Shown are larger than anticipated refractive index values and birefringence compared to calculated values based on the HOMO-LUMO gap for each organic material composition.
| Index and Birefringence Data for Example Organic Semiconductors |
| Measured Index |
| Organic | Predicted | (589 nm) | Birefringence |
| Material | Index | nx | ny | nz | Δn(xy) | Δn(xz) | Δn(yz) |
| 1,2,3-TCB | 1.567 | 1.67 | 1.76 | 1.85 | 0.09 | 0.18 | 0.09 |
| 1,2-DPE | 1.623 | 1.62 | 1.83 | 1.63 | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.17 |
| phenazine | 1.74 | 1.76 | 1.84 | 1.97 | 0.08 | 0.21 | 0.13 |
Organic solid thin films, including multilayer organic solid thin films, may be optically transparent and exhibit low bulk haze. As used herein, a material or element that is “transparent” or “optically transparent” may, for a given thickness, have a transmissivity within the visible light and/or near-IR spectra of at least approximately 60%, e.g., approximately 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 90, 95, 97, 98, 99, or 99.5%, including ranges between any of the foregoing values, and less than approximately 5% bulk haze, e.g., approximately 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 2, or 4% bulk haze, including ranges between any of the foregoing values. Transparent materials will typically exhibit very low optical absorption and minimal optical scattering.
As used herein, the terms “haze” and “clarity” may refer to an optical phenomenon associated with the transmission of light through a material, and may be attributed, for example, to the refraction of light within the material, e.g., due to secondary phases or porosity and/or the reflection of light from one or more surfaces of the material. As will be appreciated, haze may be associated with an amount of light that is subject to wide angle scattering (i.e., at an angle greater than 2.5° from normal) and a corresponding loss of transmissive contrast, whereas clarity may relate to an amount of light that is subject to narrow angle scattering (i.e., at an angle less than 2.5° from normal) and an attendant loss of optical sharpness or “see through quality.”
In some embodiments, one or more organic solid thin film layers may be diced and stacked to form a multilayer. A multilayer thin film may be formed by clocking and stacking individual layers. That is, in an example “clocked” multilayer stack, an angle of refractive index misorientation between successive layers may range from approximately 1° to approximately 90°, e.g., 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90°, including ranges between any of the foregoing values.
In example multilayer architectures, the thickness of each layer may be determined from an average value of in-plane refractive indices (n2 and n3), where (n2+n3)/2 may be greater than approximately 1.5, e.g., greater than 1.5, greater than 1.55, or greater than 1.6. Generally, the thickness of a given layer may be inversely proportional to the arithmetic average of its in-plane indices. In a similar vein, the total number of layers in a multilayer stack may be determined from the in-plane birefringence (|n3−n2|), which may be greater than approximately 0.01, e.g., greater than 0.01, greater than 0.02, greater than 0.05, greater than 0.1, or greater than 0.2.
In a multilayer architecture, the thickness of each OSC layer may be constant or variable. In some examples, the OSC layer thickness may vary throughout the stack. The OSC layer thickness may vary continuously, for instance, with the thickness increasing for each successive layer throughout the multilayer.
According to some embodiments, for a given biaxially-oriented organic solid material layer within a multilayer stack, the out-of-plane index (n1) may be related to the in-plane refractive indices (n2 and n3) by the relationship
where φ represents a rotation angle of a refractive index vector between adjacent layers. The variation in n1 may be less than ±0.7, less than ±0.6, less than ±0.5, less than ±0.4, less than ±0.3, or less than ±0.2.
According to some embodiments, a multilayer may include OSC material layers and secondary material layers arranged in an ABAB . . . repeating structure. The secondary material layers may include one or more of an amorphous polymer, amorphous inorganic compound, or liquid crystal.
A multilayer may additionally include paired conductive electrodes that are configured to apply a voltage or current to an OSC material layer located between the electrodes. In some embodiments, the electrodes may be arranged to apply a voltage or current to each OSC layer independently. In some embodiments, the electrodes may be arranged to apply a voltage or current to distinct layer groups within the multilayer. The refractive index or an OSC thin film may be manipulated by an applied voltage, current, or stress.
Disclosed are organic solid crystals and organic solid crystal-based metasurfaces having an actively tunable refractive index and birefringence. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the source of active refractive index modulation in organic solid crystals (OSCs) may be a result of a change in polarizability of molecules that are charged due to hole or electron injection. In organic molecules, the time it takes for a molecule to repolarize upon charge injection may be about an order of magnitude faster than the residence time of the charge. Thus, the charge may be localized on the molecule for a sufficient time to modulate the electron cloud of the molecule and/or neighboring molecules. This change in the local electronics of an OSC may induce a change in the polarizability and refractive index. Methods of manufacturing such organic solid crystals may enable control of their surface roughness independent of surface features (e.g., gratings, etc.) and may include the formation of an optical element therefrom, such as a reflective polarizer.
According to various embodiments, an optical element including an organic solid crystal (OSC) may be integrated into an optical component or device, such as an OFET, OPV, OLED, etc., and may be incorporated into a structure or a device such as a waveguide, Fresnel lens (e.g., a cylindrical Fresnel lens or a spherical Fresnel lens), grating, photonic integrated circuit, birefringent compensation layer, reflective polarizer, index matching layer (LED/OLED), and the like. In certain embodiments, grating architectures may be tunable along one, two, or three dimensions. Optical elements may include a single layer or a multilayer OSC architecture.
As will be appreciated, one or more characteristics of organic solid crystals may be specifically tailored for a particular application. For many optical applications, for instance, it may be advantageous to control crystallite size, surface roughness, mechanical strength and toughness, and the orientation of crystallites and/or molecules within an organic solid crystal thin film. In a multilayer architecture, the composition, structure, and properties of each organic layer may be independently selected.
Organic solid crystals (e.g., OSC thin films) may be incorporated into passive and active optical waveguides, resonators, lasers, optical modulators, etc. Further example active optics include projectors and projection optics, ophthalmic high index lenses, eye-tracking, gradient-index optics, Pancharatnam-Berry phase (PBP) lenses, microlenses, pupil steering elements, optical computing, fiber optics, rewritable optical data storage, all-optical logic gates, multi-wavelength optical data processing, optical transistors, etc. According to further embodiments, organic solid crystals (e.g., OSC thin films) may be incorporated into passive optics, such as waveguides, reflective polarizers, refractive/diffractive lenses, and the like. Related optical elements for passive optics may include waveguides, polarization selective gratings, Fresnel lenses, microlenses, geometric lenses, PBP lenses, and multilayer thin films.
As will be appreciated, the LED-based displays described herein may include microLEDs. Moreover, the LED-based displays may include organic LEDs (OLEDS), including micro-OLEDs. The LED-based displays may be incorporated into a variety of devices, such as wearable near-eye displays (NEDs). The disclosed methods and structures may be used to manufacture low cost, high resolution displays having a commercially-relevant form factor (e.g., having one or more lateral dimensions greater than approximately 1.6 inches).
Features from any of the above-mentioned embodiments may be used in combination with one another according to the general principles described herein. These and other embodiments, features, and advantages will be more fully understood upon reading the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and claims.
The following will provide, with reference to FIGS. 1-16, a detailed description of organic solid crystal (OSC)-containing metasurfaces, related devices and systems, and their methods of manufacture. In accordance with particular embodiments, the discussion associated with FIGS. 1-7 relates to metasurfaces including metaatoms of an organic solid crystal material. The discussion associated with FIGS. 8-16 relates to various virtual reality platforms that may include a metasurface as described herein.
Referring to FIG. 1, a transmissive optical element 100 includes a substrate 101 and a plurality of organic solid crystal (OSC) light scattering features 102 disposed over the substrate 101. In the illustrated embodiment, light scattering features 102 form a metasurface 103. Light scattering features 102 may interact with light incident on the metasurface 103 to modify one or more of an amplitude, phase, or polarization of the light, e.g., across a wavefront of the light. Light scattering features 102 may be characterized as congruent, having equivalent height and lateral dimensions.
Without wishing to be bound by theory, and in accordance with some embodiments, phase modulation of the light, for example, may result from the light scattering features behaving as tiny resonators (i.e., truncated waveguides) where the effective index in the fundamental mode for these resonators may tune the phase response. As the effective index changes, the phase accumulation for each metaatom may also change. Whereas the phase modulation at each spatial location across the optical element is a function of the geometry of the light scattering features (height and lateral dimensions), the phase of the incident light may be tuned across the metasurface by changing the fill-fraction and overall architecture of the metaatoms.
Referring to FIG. 2, shown is an example optical element 200 with light scattering features 202 having a variable height dimension. Referring to FIG. 3, shown is an example optical element 300 having light scattering features 302 having a variable lateral dimension. By varying the dimensions of the light scattering features, spatial phase variations in the EM field may be tuned locally. That is, by physically changing the dimensions of the light scattering features, different phase delays may be obtained at different locations across the metasurface. This may enable the formation of different optical elements, such as a light deflector or lens.
Turning to FIG. 4, shown is a top-down plan view of an optical element 400 having an array of equivalent light scattering features 402. Referring to FIG. 5, shown is a top-down plan view of an optical element 500. Optical element 500 includes an array of geometrically (or compositionally) diverse light scattering features 502.
Referring to FIG. 6, optical element 600 includes plural OSC light scattering features 602 that form a metasurface 603. The light scattering features 602 are disposed between electrodes 612, 614. The refractive index of the OSC light scattering features 602 may be tuned through the application of a current or voltage to create a desired interaction with incident light, which may be used to form, for example, an active optical grating or an active lens.
Referring to FIG. 7, shown is a top-down plan view of an optical element 700 that includes a plurality of rotationally offset metaatoms. Such a structure may be configured to tune a polarization response of the optical element, for example. According to some embodiments, a birefringent OSC material may enhance the polarization response and improve the efficiency of optical element 700.
An optical element includes a substrate and a metasurface located over a surface of the substrate. In accordance with particular embodiments, the metasurface includes a plurality of light scattering features (e.g., metaatoms), which may include an organic solid crystal. The metasurface may be passive or active and may be configured to modify one or more of an amplitude, phase, or polarization of incident light. The geometry or composition of the light scattering features may be configured to tune the phase delay of the metasurface.
EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS
Example 1: A display includes a waveguide having a surface, a primary electrode overlying the surface of the waveguide, a secondary electrode overlapping at least a portion of the primary electrode, and a light input coupling element disposed between the primary electrode and the secondary electrode, where the light input coupling element includes an organic solid crystal metasurface.
Example 2: The display of Example 1, where the metasurface is configured to interact with incident light and modify at least one of an amplitude, phase, or polarization of the light coupled into the waveguide.
Example 3: The display of any of Examples 1 and 2, where the metasurface includes a plurality of spaced apart nanoscale features.
Example 4: The display of Example 3, where a spacing of the nanoscale features varies across the surface of the waveguide.
Example 5: The display of any of Examples 3 and 4, where a pitch of the nanoscale features ranges from approximately 10 nm to approximately 1 micrometer.
Example 6: The display of any of Examples 1-5, where the metasurface includes features having a height dimension between approximately 1 nm and 1000 nm.
Example 7: The display of any of Examples 1-6, where the metasurface includes features having a cross-sectional shape selected from square, rectangular, circular, oval, and asymmetric, and the cross-sectional shape has a lateral dimension between approximately 1 nm and 500 nm.
Example 8: The display of any of Examples 1-7, where the metasurface includes features having a different shape and size.
Example 9: The display of any of Examples 1-8, where the metasurface includes a 1D, 2D, or 3D array of geometrically equivalent features arranged at a pitch of between approximately 10 nm and 1000 nm.
Example 10: The display of any of Examples 1-9, where the metasurface includes a 1D, 2D, or 3D array of geometrically diverse features.
Example 11: The display of any of Examples 1-10, where the metasurface is a coherent metasurface.
Example 12: The display of any of Examples 1-11, where the organic solid crystal includes a moiety selected from saturated or unsaturated polycyclic hydrocarbons, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, tetracene, pentacene, 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, and 2,6-dimethyl carboxylic esters.
Example 13: The display of any of Examples 1-12, where the primary electrode includes a transparent conductive oxide.
Example 14: The display of any of Examples 1-13, where the secondary electrode includes a transparent conductive oxide.
Embodiments of the present disclosure may include or be implemented in conjunction with various types of Artificial-Reality (AR) systems. AR may be any superimposed functionality and/or sensory-detectable content presented by an artificial-reality system within a user's physical surroundings. In other words, AR is a form of reality that has been adjusted in some manner before presentation to a user. AR can include and/or represent virtual reality (VR), augmented reality, mixed AR (MAR), or some combination and/or variation of these types of realities. Similarly, AR environments may include VR environments (including non-immersive, semi-immersive, and fully immersive VR environments), augmented-reality environments (including marker-based augmented-reality environments, markerless augmented-reality environments, location-based augmented-reality environments, and projection-based augmented-reality environments), hybrid-reality environments, and/or any other type or form of mixed- or alternative-reality environments.
AR content may include completely computer-generated content or computer-generated content combined with captured (e.g., real-world) content. Such AR content may include video, audio, haptic feedback, or some combination thereof, any of which may be presented in a single channel or in multiple channels (such as stereo video that produces a three-dimensional (3D) effect to the viewer). Additionally, in some embodiments, AR may also be associated with applications, products, accessories, services, or some combination thereof, that are used to, for example, create content in an artificial reality and/or are otherwise used in (e.g., to perform activities in) an artificial reality.
AR systems may be implemented in a variety of different form factors and configurations. Some AR systems may be designed to work without near-eye displays (NEDs). Other AR systems may include a NED that also provides visibility into the real world (such as, e.g., VR system 1500 in FIGS. 15A and 15B). While some AR devices may be self-contained systems, other AR devices may communicate and/or coordinate with external devices to provide an AR experience to a user. Examples of such external devices include handheld controllers, mobile devices, desktop computers, devices worn by a user, devices worn by one or more other users, and/or any other suitable external system.
FIGS. 8-11B illustrate example artificial-reality (AR) systems in accordance with some embodiments. FIG. 8 shows a first AR system 800 and first example user interactions using a wrist-wearable device 802, a head-wearable device (e.g., AR system 1400), and/or a handheld intermediary processing device (HIPD) 806. FIG. 9 shows a second AR system 900 and second example user interactions using a wrist-wearable device 902, AR glasses 904, and/or an HIPD 906. FIGS. 10A and 10B show a third AR system 1000 and third example user 1008 interactions using a wrist-wearable device 1002, a head-wearable device (e.g., VR headset 1050), and/or an HIPD 1006. FIGS. 11A and 11B show a fourth AR system 1100 and fourth example user 1108 interactions using a wrist-wearable device 1130, VR headset 1120, and/or a haptic device 1160 (e.g., wearable gloves).
A wrist-wearable device 1200, which can be used for wrist-wearable device 802, 902, 1002, 1130, and one or more of its components, are described below in reference to FIGS. 12 and 13; AR system 1400 and VR system 1500, which can respectively be used for AR glasses 804, 904 or VR headset 1050, 1120, and their one or more components are described below in reference to FIGS. 14-16.
Referring to FIG. 8, wrist-wearable device 802, AR glasses 804, and/or HIPD 806 can communicatively couple via a network 825 (e.g., cellular, near field, Wi-Fi, personal area network, wireless LAN, etc.). Additionally, wrist-wearable device 802, AR glasses 804, and/or HIPD 806 can also communicatively couple with one or more servers 830, computers 840 (e.g., laptops, computers, etc.), mobile devices 850 (e.g., smartphones, tablets, etc.), and/or other electronic devices via network 825 (e.g., cellular, near field, Wi-Fi, personal area network, wireless LAN, etc.).
In FIG. 8, a user 808 is shown wearing wrist-wearable device 802 and AR glasses 804 and having HIPD 806 on their desk. The wrist-wearable device 802, AR glasses 804, and HIPD 806 facilitate user interaction with an AR environment. In particular, as shown by first AR system 800, wrist-wearable device 802, AR glasses 804, and/or HIPD 806 cause presentation of one or more avatars 810, digital representations of contacts 812, and virtual objects 814. As discussed below, user 808 can interact with one or more avatars 810, digital representations of contacts 812, and virtual objects 814 via wrist-wearable device 802, AR glasses 804, and/or HIPD 806.
User 808 can use any of wrist-wearable device 802, AR glasses 804, and/or HIPD 806 to provide user inputs. For example, user 808 can perform one or more hand gestures that are detected by wrist-wearable device 802 (e.g., using one or more EMG sensors and/or IMUs, described below in reference to FIGS. 12 and 13) and/or AR glasses 804 (e.g., using one or more image sensor or camera, described below in reference to FIGS. 14-10) to provide a user input. Alternatively, or additionally, user 808 can provide a user input via one or more touch surfaces of wrist-wearable device 802, AR glasses 804, HIPD 806, and/or voice commands captured by a microphone of wrist-wearable device 802, AR glasses 804, and/or HIPD 806. In some embodiments, wrist-wearable device 802, AR glasses 804, and/or HIPD 806 include a digital assistant to help user 808 in providing a user input (e.g., completing a sequence of operations, suggesting different operations or commands, providing reminders, confirming a command, etc.). In some embodiments, user 808 can provide a user input via one or more facial gestures and/or facial expressions. For example, cameras of wrist-wearable device 802, AR glasses 804, and/or HIPD 806 can track eyes of user 808 for navigating a user interface.
Wrist-wearable device 802, AR glasses 804, and/or HIPD 806 can operate alone or in conjunction to allow user 808 to interact with the AR environment. In some embodiments, HIPD 806 is configured to operate as a central hub or control center for the wrist-wearable device 802, AR glasses 804, and/or another communicatively coupled device. For example, user 808 can provide an input to interact with the AR environment at any of wrist-wearable device 802, AR glasses 804, and/or HIPD 806, and HIPD 806 can identify one or more back-end and front-end tasks to cause the performance of the requested interaction and distribute instructions to cause the performance of the one or more back-end and front-end tasks at wrist-wearable device 802, AR glasses 804, and/or HIPD 806. In some embodiments, a back-end task is a background processing task that is not perceptible by the user (e.g., rendering content, decompression, compression, etc.), and a front-end task is a user-facing task that is perceptible to the user (e.g., presenting information to the user, providing feedback to the user, etc.). As described below, HIPD 806 can perform the back-end tasks and provide wrist-wearable device 802 and/or AR glasses 804 operational data corresponding to the performed back-end tasks such that wrist-wearable device 802 and/or AR glasses 804 can perform the front-end tasks. In this way, HIPD 806, which has more computational resources and greater thermal headroom than wrist-wearable device 802 and/or AR glasses 804, performs computationally intensive tasks and reduces the computer resource utilization and/or power usage of wrist-wearable device 802 and/or AR glasses 804.
In the example shown by first AR system 800, HIPD 806 identifies one or more back-end tasks and front-end tasks associated with a user request to initiate an AR video call with one or more other users (represented by avatar 810 and the digital representation of contact 812) and distributes instructions to cause the performance of the one or more back-end tasks and front-end tasks. In particular, HIPD 806 performs back-end tasks for processing and/or rendering image data (and other data) associated with the AR video call and provides operational data associated with the performed back-end tasks to AR glasses 804 such that the AR glasses 804 perform front-end tasks for presenting the AR video call (e.g., presenting avatar 810 and digital representation of contact 812).
In some embodiments, HIPD 806 can operate as a focal or anchor point for causing the presentation of information. This allows user 808 to be generally aware of where information is presented. For example, as shown in first AR system 800, avatar 810 and the digital representation of contact 812 are presented above HIPD 806. In particular, HIPD 806 and AR glasses 804 operate in conjunction to determine a location for presenting avatar 810 and the digital representation of contact 812. In some embodiments, information can be presented a predetermined distance from HIPD 806 (e.g., within 5 meters). For example, as shown in first AR system 800, virtual object 814 is presented on the desk some distance from HIPD 806. Similar to the above example, HIPD 806 and AR glasses 804 can operate in conjunction to determine a location for presenting virtual object 814. Alternatively, in some embodiments, presentation of information is not bound by HIPD 806. More specifically, avatar 810, digital representation of contact 812, and virtual object 814 do not have to be presented within a predetermined distance of HIPD 806.
User inputs provided at wrist-wearable device 802, AR glasses 804, and/or HIPD 806 are coordinated such that the user can use any device to initiate, continue, and/or complete an operation. For example, user 808 can provide a user input to AR glasses 804 to cause AR glasses 804 to present virtual object 814 and, while virtual object 814 is presented by AR glasses 804, user 808 can provide one or more hand gestures via wrist-wearable device 802 to interact and/or manipulate virtual object 814.
FIG. 9 shows a user 908 wearing a wrist-wearable device 902 and AR glasses 904, and holding an HIPD 906. In second AR system 900, the wrist-wearable device 902, AR glasses 904, and/or HIPD 906 are used to receive and/or provide one or more messages to a contact of user 908. In particular, wrist-wearable device 902, AR glasses 904, and/or HIPD 906 detect and coordinate one or more user inputs to initiate a messaging application and prepare a response to a received message via the messaging application.
In some embodiments, user 908 initiates, via a user input, an application on wrist-wearable device 902, AR glasses 904, and/or HIPD 906 that causes the application to initiate on at least one device. For example, in second AR system 900, user 908 performs a hand gesture associated with a command for initiating a messaging application (represented by messaging user interface 916), wrist-wearable device 902 detects the hand gesture and, based on a determination that user 908 is wearing AR glasses 904, causes AR glasses 904 to present a messaging user interface 916 of the messaging application. AR glasses 904 can present messaging user interface 916 to user 908 via its display (e.g., as shown by a field of view 918 of user 908). In some embodiments, the application is initiated and executed on the device (e.g., wrist-wearable device 902, AR glasses 904, and/or HIPD 906) that detects the user input to initiate the application, and the device provides another device operational data to cause the presentation of the messaging application. For example, wrist-wearable device 902 can detect the user input to initiate a messaging application, initiate and run the messaging application, and provide operational data to AR glasses 904 and/or HIPD 906 to cause presentation of the messaging application. Alternatively, the application can be initiated and executed at a device other than the device that detected the user input. For example, wrist-wearable device 902 can detect the hand gesture associated with initiating the messaging application and cause HIPD 906 to run the messaging application and coordinate the presentation of the messaging application.
Further, user 908 can provide a user input provided at wrist-wearable device 902, AR glasses 904, and/or HIPD 906 to continue and/or complete an operation initiated at another device. For example, after initiating the messaging application via wrist-wearable device 902 and while AR glasses 904 present messaging user interface 916, user 908 can provide an input at HIPD 906 to prepare a response (e.g., shown by the swipe gesture performed on HIPD 906). Gestures performed by user 908 on HIPD 906 can be provided and/or displayed on another device. For example, a swipe gestured performed on HIPD 906 is displayed on a virtual keyboard of messaging user interface 916 displayed by AR glasses 904.
In some embodiments, wrist-wearable device 902, AR glasses 904, HIPD 906, and/or any other communicatively coupled device can present one or more notifications to user 908. The notification can be an indication of a new message, an incoming call, an application update, a status update, etc. User 908 can select the notification via wrist-wearable device 902, AR glasses 904, and/or HIPD 906 and can cause presentation of an application or operation associated with the notification on at least one device. For example, user 908 can receive a notification that a message was received at wrist-wearable device 902, AR glasses 904, HIPD 906, and/or any other communicatively coupled device and can then provide a user input at wrist-wearable device 902, AR glasses 904, and/or HIPD 906 to review the notification, and the device detecting the user input can cause an application associated with the notification to be initiated and/or presented at wrist-wearable device 902, AR glasses 904, and/or HIPD 906.
While the above example describes coordinated inputs used to interact with a messaging application, user inputs can be coordinated to interact with any number of applications including, but not limited to, gaming applications, social media applications, camera applications, web-based applications, financial applications, etc. For example, AR glasses 904 can present to user 908 game application data, and HIPD 906 can be used as a controller to provide inputs to the game. Similarly, user 908 can use wrist-wearable device 902 to initiate a camera of AR glasses 904, and user 308 can use wrist-wearable device 902, AR glasses 904, and/or HIPD 906 to manipulate the image capture (e.g., zoom in or out, apply filters, etc.) and capture image data.
Users may interact with the devices disclosed herein in a variety of ways. For example, as shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B, a user 1008 may interact with an AR system 1000 by donning a VR headset 1050 while holding HIPD 1006 and wearing wrist-wearable device 1002. In this example, AR system 1000 may enable a user to interact with a game 1010 by swiping their arm. One or more of VR headset 1050, HIPD 1006, and wrist-wearable device 1002 may detect this gesture and, in response, may display a sword strike in game 1010. Similarly, in FIGS. 11A and 11B, a user 1108 may interact with an AR system 1100 by donning a VR headset 1120 while wearing haptic device 1160 and wrist-wearable device 1130. In this example, AR system 1100 may enable a user to interact with a game 1110 by swiping their arm. One or more of VR headset 1120, haptic device 1160, and wrist-wearable device 1130 may detect this gesture and, in response, may display a spell being cast in game 1010.
Having discussed example AR systems, devices for interacting with such AR systems and other computing systems more generally will now be discussed in greater detail. Some explanations of devices and components that can be included in some or all of the example devices discussed below are explained herein for ease of reference. Certain types of the components described below may be more suitable for a particular set of devices, and less suitable for a different set of devices. But subsequent reference to the components explained here should be considered to be encompassed by the descriptions provided.
In some embodiments discussed below, example devices and systems, including electronic devices and systems, will be addressed. Such example devices and systems are not intended to be limiting, and one of skill in the art will understand that alternative devices and systems to the example devices and systems described herein may be used to perform the operations and construct the systems and devices that are described herein.
An electronic device may be a device that uses electrical energy to perform a specific function. An electronic device can be any physical object that contains electronic components such as transistors, resistors, capacitors, diodes, and integrated circuits. Examples of electronic devices include smartphones, laptops, digital cameras, televisions, gaming consoles, and music players, as well as the example electronic devices discussed herein. As described herein, an intermediary electronic device may be a device that sits between two other electronic devices and/or a subset of components of one or more electronic devices and facilitates communication, data processing, and/or data transfer between the respective electronic devices and/or electronic components.
An integrated circuit may be an electronic device made up of multiple interconnected electronic components such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors. These components may be etched onto a small piece of semiconductor material, such as silicon. Integrated circuits may include analog integrated circuits, digital integrated circuits, mixed signal integrated circuits, and/or any other suitable type or form of integrated circuit. Examples of integrated circuits include application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), processing units, central processing units (CPUs), co-processors, and accelerators.
Analog integrated circuits, such as sensors, power management circuits, and operational amplifiers, may process continuous signals and perform analog functions such as amplification, active filtering, demodulation, and mixing. Examples of analog integrated circuits include linear integrated circuits and radio frequency circuits.
Digital integrated circuits, which may be referred to as logic integrated circuits, may include microprocessors, microcontrollers, memory chips, interfaces, power management circuits, programmable devices, and/or any other suitable type or form of integrated circuit. In some embodiments, examples of integrated circuits include central processing units (CPUs),
Processing units, such as CPUs, may be electronic components that are responsible for executing instructions and controlling the operation of an electronic device (e.g., a computer). There are various types of processors that may be used interchangeably, or may be specifically required, by embodiments described herein. For example, a processor may be: (i) a general processor designed to perform a wide range of tasks, such as running software applications, managing operating systems, and performing arithmetic and logical operations; (ii) a microcontroller designed for specific tasks such as controlling electronic devices, sensors, and motors; (iii) an accelerator, such as a graphics processing unit (GPU), designed to accelerate the creation and rendering of images, videos, and animations (e.g., virtual-reality animations, such as three-dimensional modeling); (iv) a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) that can be programmed and reconfigured after manufacturing and/or can be customized to perform specific tasks, such as signal processing, cryptography, and machine learning; and/or (v) a digital signal processor (DSP) designed to perform mathematical operations on signals such as audio, video, and radio waves. One or more processors of one or more electronic devices may be used in various embodiments described herein.
Memory generally refers to electronic components in a computer or electronic device that store data and instructions for the processor to access and manipulate. Examples of memory can include: (i) random access memory (RAM) configured to store data and instructions temporarily; (ii) read-only memory (ROM) configured to store data and instructions permanently (e.g., one or more portions of system firmware, and/or boot loaders) and/or semi-permanently; (iii) flash memory, which can be configured to store data in electronic devices (e.g., USB drives, memory cards, and/or solid-state drives (SSDs)); and/or (iv) cache memory configured to temporarily store frequently accessed data and instructions. Memory, as described herein, can store structured data (e.g., SQL databases, MongoDB databases, GraphQL data, JSON data, etc.). Other examples of data stored in memory can include (i) profile data, including user account data, user settings, and/or other user data stored by the user, (ii) sensor data detected and/or otherwise obtained by one or more sensors, (iii) media content data including stored image data, audio data, documents, and the like, (iv) application data, which can include data collected and/or otherwise obtained and stored during use of an application, and/or any other types of data described herein.
Controllers may be electronic components that manage and coordinate the operation of other components within an electronic device (e.g., controlling inputs, processing data, and/or generating outputs). Examples of controllers can include: (i) microcontrollers, including small, low-power controllers that are commonly used in embedded systems and Internet of Things (IOT) devices; (ii) programmable logic controllers (PLCs) that may be configured to be used in industrial automation systems to control and monitor manufacturing processes; (iii) system-on-a-chip (SoC) controllers that integrate multiple components such as processors, memory, I/O interfaces, and other peripherals into a single chip; and/or (iv) DSPs.
A power system of an electronic device may be configured to convert incoming electrical power into a form that can be used to operate the device. A power system can include various components, such as (i) a power source, which can be an alternating current (AC) adapter or a direct current (DC) adapter power supply, (ii) a charger input, which can be configured to use a wired and/or wireless connection (which may be part of a peripheral interface, such as a USB, micro-USB interface, near-field magnetic coupling, magnetic inductive and magnetic resonance charging, and/or radio frequency (RF) charging), (iii) a power-management integrated circuit, configured to distribute power to various components of the device and to ensure that the device operates within safe limits (e.g., regulating voltage, controlling current flow, and/or managing heat dissipation), and/or (iv) a battery configured to store power to provide usable power to components of one or more electronic devices.
Peripheral interfaces may be electronic components (e.g., of electronic devices) that allow electronic devices to communicate with other devices or peripherals and can provide the ability to input and output data and signals. Examples of peripheral interfaces can include (i) universal serial bus (USB) and/or micro-USB interfaces configured for connecting devices to an electronic device, (ii) Bluetooth interfaces configured to allow devices to communicate with each other, including Bluetooth low energy (BLE), (iii) near field communication (NFC) interfaces configured to be short-range wireless interfaces for operations such as access control, (iv) POGO pins, which may be small, spring-loaded pins configured to provide a charging interface, (v) wireless charging interfaces, (vi) GPS interfaces, (vii) Wi-Fi interfaces for providing a connection between a device and a wireless network, and/or (viii) sensor interfaces.
Sensors may be electronic components (e.g., in and/or otherwise in electronic communication with electronic devices, such as wearable devices) configured to detect physical and environmental changes and generate electrical signals. Examples of sensors can include (i) imaging sensors for collecting imaging data (e.g., including one or more cameras disposed on a respective electronic device), (ii) biopotential-signal sensors, (iii) inertial measurement units (e.g., IMUs) for detecting, for example, angular rate, force, magnetic field, and/or changes in acceleration, (iv) heart rate sensors for measuring a user's heart rate, (v) SpO2 sensors for measuring blood oxygen saturation and/or other biometric data of a user, (vi) capacitive sensors for detecting changes in potential at a portion of a user's body (e.g., a sensor-skin interface), and/or (vii) light sensors (e.g., time-of-flight sensors, infrared light sensors, visible light sensors, etc.).
Biopotential-signal-sensing components may be devices used to measure electrical activity within the body (e.g., biopotential-signal sensors). Some types of biopotential-signal sensors include (i) electroencephalography (EEG) sensors configured to measure electrical activity in the brain to diagnose neurological disorders, (ii) electrocardiogramar EKG) sensors configured to measure electrical activity of the heart to diagnose heart problems, (iii) electromyography (EMG) sensors configured to measure the electrical activity of muscles and to diagnose neuromuscular disorders, and (iv) electrooculography (EOG) sensors configured to measure the electrical activity of eye muscles to detect eye movement and diagnose eye disorders.
An application stored in memory of an electronic device (e.g., software) may include instructions stored in the memory. Examples of such applications include (i) games, (ii) word processors, (iii) messaging applications, (iv) media-streaming applications, (v) financial applications, (vi) calendars. (vii) clocks, and (viii) communication interface modules for enabling wired and/or wireless connections between different respective electronic devices (e.g., IEEE 1402.15.4, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, 6LOWPAN, Thread, Z-Wave, Bluetooth Smart, ISA100.11a, WirelessHART, or MiWi), custom or standard wired protocols (e.g., Ethernet or HomePlug), and/or any other suitable communication protocols).
A communication interface may be a mechanism that enables different systems or devices to exchange information and data with each other, including hardware, software, or a combination of both hardware and software. For example, a communication interface can refer to a physical connector and/or port on a device that enables communication with other devices (e.g., USB, Ethernet, HDMI, Bluetooth). In some embodiments, a communication interface can refer to a software layer that enables different software programs to communicate with each other (e.g., application programming interfaces (APIs), protocols like HTTP and TCP/IP, etc.).
A graphics module may be a component or software module that is designed to handle graphical operations and/or processes and can include a hardware module and/or a software module.
Non-transitory computer-readable storage media may be physical devices or storage media that can be used to store electronic data in a non-transitory form (e.g., such that the data is stored permanently until it is intentionally deleted or modified).
FIGS. 12 and 13 illustrate an example wrist-wearable device 1200 and an example computer system 1300, in accordance with some embodiments. Wrist-wearable device 1200 is an instance of wearable device 802 described in FIG. 8 herein, such that the wearable device 802 should be understood to have the features of the wrist-wearable device 1200 and vice versa. FIG. 13 illustrates components of the wrist-wearable device 1200, which can be used individually or in combination, including combinations that include other electronic devices and/or electronic components.
FIG. 12 shows a wearable band 1210 and a watch body 1220 (or capsule) being coupled, as discussed below, to form wrist-wearable device 1200. Wrist-wearable device 1200 can perform various functions and/or operations associated with navigating through user interfaces and selectively opening applications as well as the functions and/or operations described above with reference to FIGS. 8-11B.
As will be described in more detail below, operations executed by wrist-wearable device 1200 can include (i) presenting content to a user (e.g., displaying visual content via a display 1205), (ii) detecting (e.g., sensing) user input (e.g., sensing a touch on peripheral button 1223 and/or at a touch screen of the display 1205, a hand gesture detected by sensors (e.g., biopotential sensors)), (iii) sensing biometric data (e.g., neuromuscular signals, heart rate, temperature, sleep, etc.) via one or more sensors 1213, messaging (e.g., text, speech, video, etc.); image capture via one or more imaging devices or cameras 1225, wireless communications (e.g., cellular, near field, Wi-Fi, personal area network, etc.), location determination, financial transactions, providing haptic feedback, providing alarms, providing notifications, providing biometric authentication, providing health monitoring, providing sleep monitoring, etc.
The above-example functions can be executed independently in watch body 1220, independently in wearable band 1210, and/or via an electronic communication between watch body 1220 and wearable band 1210. In some embodiments, functions can be executed on wrist-wearable device 1200 while an AR environment is being presented (e.g., via one of AR systems 800 to 1100). The wearable devices described herein can also be used with other types of AR environments.
Wearable band 1210 can be configured to be worn by a user such that an inner surface of a wearable structure 1211 of wearable band 1210 is in contact with the user's skin. In this example, when worn by a user, sensors 1213 may contact the user's skin. In some examples, one or more of sensors 1213 can sense biometric data such as a user's heart rate, a saturated oxygen level, temperature, sweat level, neuromuscular signals, or a combination thereof. One or more of sensors 1213 can also sense data about a user's environment including a user's motion, altitude, location, orientation, gait, acceleration, position, or a combination thereof. In some embodiment, one or more of sensors 1213 can be configured to track a position and/or motion of wearable band 1210. One or more of sensors 1213 can include any of the sensors defined above and/or discussed below with respect to FIG. 12.
One or more of sensors 1213 can be distributed on an inside and/or an outside surface of wearable band 1210. In some embodiments, one or more of sensors 1213 are uniformly spaced along wearable band 1210. Alternatively, in some embodiments, one or more of sensors 1213 are positioned at distinct points along wearable band 1210. As shown in FIG. 12, one or more of sensors 1213 can be the same or distinct. For example, in some embodiments, one or more of sensors 1213 can be shaped as a pill (e.g., sensor 1213a), an oval, a circle a square, an oblong (e.g., sensor 1213c) and/or any other shape that maintains contact with the user's skin (e.g., such that neuromuscular signal and/or other biometric data can be accurately measured at the user's skin). In some embodiments, one or more sensors of 1213 are aligned to form pairs of sensors (e.g., for sensing neuromuscular signals based on differential sensing within each respective sensor). For example, sensor 1213b may be aligned with an adjacent sensor to form sensor pair 1214a and sensor 1213d may be aligned with an adjacent sensor to form sensor pair 1214b. In some embodiments, wearable band 1210 does not have a sensor pair. Alternatively, in some embodiments, wearable band 1210 has a predetermined number of sensor pairs (one pair of sensors, three pairs of sensors, four pairs of sensors, six pairs of sensors, sixteen pairs of sensors, etc.).
Wearable band 1210 can include any suitable number of sensors 1213. In some embodiments, the number and arrangement of sensors 1213 depends on the particular application for which wearable band 1210 is used. For instance, wearable band 1210 can be configured as an armband, wristband, or chest-band that include a plurality of sensors 1213 with different number of sensors 1213, a variety of types of individual sensors with the plurality of sensors 1213, and different arrangements for each use case, such as medical use cases as compared to gaming or general day-to-day use cases.
In accordance with some embodiments, wearable band 1210 further includes an electrical ground electrode and a shielding electrode. The electrical ground and shielding electrodes, like the sensors 1213, can be distributed on the inside surface of the wearable band 1210 such that they contact a portion of the user's skin. For example, the electrical ground and shielding electrodes can be at an inside surface of a coupling mechanism 1216 or an inside surface of a wearable structure 1211. The electrical ground and shielding electrodes can be formed and/or use the same components as sensors 1213. In some embodiments, wearable band 1210 includes more than one electrical ground electrode and more than one shielding electrode.
Sensors 1213 can be formed as part of wearable structure 1211 of wearable band 1210. In some embodiments, sensors 1213 are flush or substantially flush with wearable structure 1211 such that they do not extend beyond the surface of wearable structure 1211. While flush with wearable structure 1211, sensors 1213 are still configured to contact the user's skin (e.g., via a skin-contacting surface). Alternatively, in some embodiments, sensors 1213 extend beyond wearable structure 1211 a predetermined distance (e.g., 0.1-2 mm) to make contact and depress into the user's skin. In some embodiment, sensors 1213 are coupled to an actuator (not shown) configured to adjust an extension height (e.g., a distance from the surface of wearable structure 1211) of sensors 1213 such that sensors 1213 make contact and depress into the user's skin. In some embodiments, the actuators adjust the extension height between 0.01 mm-1.2 mm. This may allow a user to customize the positioning of sensors 1213 to improve the overall comfort of the wearable band 1210 when worn while still allowing sensors 1213 to contact the user's skin. In some embodiments, sensors 1213 are indistinguishable from wearable structure 1211 when worn by the user.
Wearable structure 1211 can be formed of an elastic material, elastomers, etc., configured to be stretched and fitted to be worn by the user. In some embodiments, wearable structure 1211 is a textile or woven fabric. As described above, sensors 1213 can be formed as part of a wearable structure 1211. For example, sensors 1213 can be molded into the wearable structure 1211, be integrated into a woven fabric (e.g., sensors 1213 can be sewn into the fabric and mimic the pliability of fabric and can and/or be constructed from a series woven strands of fabric).
Wearable structure 1211 can include flexible electronic connectors that interconnect sensors 1213, the electronic circuitry, and/or other electronic components (described below in reference to FIG. 13) that are enclosed in wearable band 1210. In some embodiments, the flexible electronic connectors are configured to interconnect sensors 1213, the electronic circuitry, and/or other electronic components of wearable band 1210 with respective sensors and/or other electronic components of another electronic device (e.g., watch body 1220). The flexible electronic connectors are configured to move with wearable structure 1211 such that the user adjustment to wearable structure 1211 (e.g., resizing, pulling, folding, etc.) does not stress or strain the electrical coupling of components of wearable band 1210.
As described above, wearable band 1210 is configured to be worn by a user. In particular, wearable band 1210 can be shaped or otherwise manipulated to be worn by a user. For example, wearable band 1210 can be shaped to have a substantially circular shape such that it can be configured to be worn on the user's lower arm or wrist. Alternatively, wearable band 1210 can be shaped to be worn on another body part of the user, such as the user's upper arm (e.g., around a bicep), forearm, chest, legs, etc. Wearable band 1210 can include a retaining mechanism 1212 (e.g., a buckle, a hook and loop fastener, etc.) for securing wearable band 1210 to the user's wrist or other body part. While wearable band 1210 is worn by the user, sensors 1213 sense data (referred to as sensor data) from the user's skin. In some examples, sensors 1213 of wearable band 1210 obtain (e.g., sense and record) neuromuscular signals.
The sensed data (e.g., sensed neuromuscular signals) can be used to detect and/or determine the user's intention to perform certain motor actions. In some examples, sensors 1213 may sense and record neuromuscular signals from the user as the user performs muscular activations (e.g., movements, gestures, etc.). The detected and/or determined motor actions (e.g., phalange (or digit) movements, wrist movements, hand movements, and/or other muscle intentions) can be used to determine control commands or control information (instructions to perform certain commands after the data is sensed) for causing a computing device to perform one or more input commands. For example, the sensed neuromuscular signals can be used to control certain user interfaces displayed on display 1205 of wrist-wearable device 1200 and/or can be transmitted to a device responsible for rendering an artificial-reality environment (e.g., a head-mounted display) to perform an action in an associated artificial-reality environment, such as to control the motion of a virtual device displayed to the user. The muscular activations performed by the user can include static gestures, such as placing the user's hand palm down on a table, dynamic gestures, such as grasping a physical or virtual object, and covert gestures that are imperceptible to another person, such as slightly tensing a joint by co-contracting opposing muscles or using sub-muscular activations. The muscular activations performed by the user can include symbolic gestures (e.g., gestures mapped to other gestures, interactions, or commands, for example, based on a gesture vocabulary that specifies the mapping of gestures to commands).
The sensor data sensed by sensors 1213 can be used to provide a user with an enhanced interaction with a physical object (e.g., devices communicatively coupled with wearable band 1210) and/or a virtual object in an artificial-reality application generated by an artificial-reality system (e.g., user interface objects presented on the display 1205, or another computing device (e.g., a smartphone)).
In some embodiments, wearable band 1210 includes one or more haptic devices 1346 (e.g., a vibratory haptic actuator) that are configured to provide haptic feedback (e.g., a cutaneous and/or kinesthetic sensation, etc.) to the user's skin. Sensors 1213 and/or haptic devices 1346 (shown in FIG. 13) can be configured to operate in conjunction with multiple applications including, without limitation, health monitoring, social media, games, and artificial reality (e.g., the applications associated with artificial reality).
Wearable band 1210 can also include coupling mechanism 1216 for detachably coupling a capsule (e.g., a computing unit) or watch body 1220 (via a coupling surface of the watch body 1220) to wearable band 1210. For example, a cradle or a shape of coupling mechanism 1216 can correspond to shape of watch body 1220 of wrist-wearable device 1200. In particular, coupling mechanism 1216 can be configured to receive a coupling surface proximate to the bottom side of watch body 1220 (e.g., a side opposite to a front side of watch body 1220 where display 1205 is located), such that a user can push watch body 1220 downward into coupling mechanism 1216 to attach watch body 1220 to coupling mechanism 1216. In some embodiments, coupling mechanism 1216 can be configured to receive a top side of the watch body 1220 (e.g., a side proximate to the front side of watch body 1220 where display 1205 is located) that is pushed upward into the cradle, as opposed to being pushed downward into coupling mechanism 1216. In some embodiments, coupling mechanism 1216 is an integrated component of wearable band 1210 such that wearable band 1210 and coupling mechanism 1216 are a single unitary structure. In some embodiments, coupling mechanism 1216 is a type of frame or shell that allows watch body 1220 coupling surface to be retained within or on wearable band 1210 coupling mechanism 1216 (e.g., a cradle, a tracker band, a support base, a clasp, etc.).
Coupling mechanism 1216 can allow for watch body 1220 to be detachably coupled to the wearable band 1210 through a friction fit, magnetic coupling, a rotation-based connector, a shear-pin coupler, a retention spring, one or more magnets, a clip, a pin shaft, a hook and loop fastener, or a combination thereof. A user can perform any type of motion to couple the watch body 1220 to wearable band 1210 and to decouple the watch body 1220 from the wearable band 1210. For example, a user can twist, slide, turn, push, pull, or rotate watch body 1220 relative to wearable band 1210, or a combination thereof, to attach watch body 1220 to wearable band 1210 and to detach watch body 1220 from wearable band 1210. Alternatively, as discussed below, in some embodiments, the watch body 1220 can be decoupled from the wearable band 1210 by actuation of a release mechanism 1229.
Wearable band 1210 can be coupled with watch body 1220 to increase the functionality of wearable band 1210 (e.g., converting wearable band 1210 into wrist-wearable device 1200, adding an additional computing unit and/or battery to increase computational resources and/or a battery life of wearable band 1210, adding additional sensors to improve sensed data, etc.). As described above, wearable band 1210 and coupling mechanism 1216 are configured to operate independently (e.g., execute functions independently) from watch body 1220. For example, coupling mechanism 1216 can include one or more sensors 1213 that contact a user's skin when wearable band 1210 is worn by the user, with or without watch body 1220 and can provide sensor data for determining control commands.
A user can detach watch body 1220 from wearable band 1210 to reduce the encumbrance of wrist-wearable device 1200 to the user. For embodiments in which watch body 1220 is removable, watch body 1220 can be referred to as a removable structure, such that in these embodiments wrist-wearable device 1200 includes a wearable portion (e.g., wearable band 1210) and a removable structure (e.g., watch body 1220).
Turning to watch body 1220, in some examples watch body 1220 can have a substantially rectangular or circular shape. Watch body 1220 is configured to be worn by the user on their wrist or on another body part. More specifically, watch body 1220 is sized to be easily carried by the user, attached on a portion of the user's clothing, and/or coupled to wearable band 1210 (forming the wrist-wearable device 1200). As described above, watch body 1220 can have a shape corresponding to coupling mechanism 1216 of wearable band 1210. In some embodiments, watch body 1220 includes a single release mechanism 1229 or multiple release mechanisms (e.g., two release mechanisms 1229 positioned on opposing sides of watch body 1220, such as spring-loaded buttons) for decoupling watch body 1220 from wearable band 1210. Release mechanism 1229 can include, without limitation, a button, a knob, a plunger, a handle, a lever, a fastener, a clasp, a dial, a latch, or a combination thereof.
A user can actuate release mechanism 1229 by pushing, turning, lifting, depressing, shifting, or performing other actions on release mechanism 1229. Actuation of release mechanism 1229 can release (e.g., decouple) watch body 1220 from coupling mechanism 1216 of wearable band 1210, allowing the user to use watch body 1220 independently from wearable band 1210 and vice versa. For example, decoupling watch body 1220 from wearable band 1210 can allow a user to capture images using rear-facing camera 1225b. Although release mechanism 1229 is shown positioned at a corner of watch body 1220, release mechanism 1229 can be positioned anywhere on watch body 1220 that is convenient for the user to actuate. In addition, in some embodiments, wearable band 1210 can also include a respective release mechanism for decoupling watch body 1220 from coupling mechanism 1216. In some embodiments, release mechanism 1229 is optional and watch body 1220 can be decoupled from coupling mechanism 1216 as described above (e.g., via twisting, rotating, etc.).
Watch body 1220 can include one or more peripheral buttons 1223 and 1227 for performing various operations at watch body 1220. For example, peripheral buttons 1223 and 1227 can be used to turn on or wake (e.g., transition from a sleep state to an active state) display 1205, unlock watch body 1220, increase or decrease a volume, increase or decrease a brightness, interact with one or more applications, interact with one or more user interfaces, etc. Additionally, or alternatively, in some embodiments, display 1205 operates as a touch screen and allows the user to provide one or more inputs for interacting with watch body 1220.
In some embodiments, watch body 1220 includes one or more sensors 1221. Sensors 1221 of watch body 1220 can be the same or distinct from sensors 1213 of wearable band 1210. Sensors 1221 of watch body 1220 can be distributed on an inside and/or an outside surface of watch body 1220. In some embodiments, sensors 1221 are configured to contact a user's skin when watch body 1220 is worn by the user. For example, sensors 1221 can be placed on the bottom side of watch body 1220 and coupling mechanism 1216 can be a cradle with an opening that allows the bottom side of watch body 1220 to directly contact the user's skin. Alternatively, in some embodiments, watch body 1220 does not include sensors that are configured to contact the user's skin (e.g., including sensors internal and/or external to the watch body 1220 that are configured to sense data of watch body 1220 and the surrounding environment). In some embodiments, sensors 1221 are configured to track a position and/or motion of watch body 1220.
Watch body 1220 and wearable band 1210 can share data using a wired communication method (e.g., a Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART), a USB transceiver, etc.) and/or a wireless communication method (e.g., near field communication, Bluetooth, etc.). For example, watch body 1220 and wearable band 1210 can share data sensed by sensors 1213 and 1221, as well as application and device specific information (e.g., active and/or available applications, output devices (e.g., displays, speakers, etc.), input devices (e.g., touch screens, microphones, imaging sensors, etc.).
In some embodiments, watch body 1220 can include, without limitation, a front-facing camera 1225a and/or a rear-facing camera 1225b, sensors 1221 (e.g., a biometric sensor, an IMU, a heart rate sensor, a saturated oxygen sensor, a neuromuscular signal sensor, an altimeter sensor, a temperature sensor, a bioimpedance sensor, a pedometer sensor, an optical sensor (e.g., imaging sensor 1363), a touch sensor, a sweat sensor, etc.). In some embodiments, watch body 1220 can include one or more haptic devices 1376 (e.g., a vibratory haptic actuator) that is configured to provide haptic feedback (e.g., a cutaneous and/or kinesthetic sensation, etc.) to the user. Sensors 1321 and/or haptic device 1376 can also be configured to operate in conjunction with multiple applications including, without limitation, health monitoring applications, social media applications, game applications, and artificial reality applications (e.g., the applications associated with artificial reality).
As described above, watch body 1220 and wearable band 1210, when coupled, can form wrist-wearable device 1200. When coupled, watch body 1220 and wearable band 1210 may operate as a single device to execute functions (operations, detections, communications, etc.) described herein. In some embodiments, each device may be provided with particular instructions for performing the one or more operations of wrist-wearable device 1200. For example, in accordance with a determination that watch body 1220 does not include neuromuscular signal sensors, wearable band 1210 can include alternative instructions for performing associated instructions (e.g., providing sensed neuromuscular signal data to watch body 1220 via a different electronic device). Operations of wrist-wearable device 1200 can be performed by watch body 1220 alone or in conjunction with wearable band 1210 (e.g., via respective processors and/or hardware components) and vice versa. In some embodiments, operations of wrist-wearable device 1200, watch body 1220, and/or wearable band 1210 can be performed in conjunction with one or more processors and/or hardware components.
As described below with reference to the block diagram of FIG. 13, wearable band 1210 and/or watch body 1220 can each include independent resources required to independently execute functions. For example, wearable band 1210 and/or watch body 1220 can each include a power source (e.g., a battery), a memory, data storage, a processor (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU)), communications, a light source, and/or input/output devices.
FIG. 13 shows block diagrams of a computing system 1330 corresponding to wearable band 1210 and a computing system 1360 corresponding to watch body 1220 according to some embodiments. Computing system 1300 of wrist-wearable device 1200 may include a combination of components of wearable band computing system 1330 and watch body computing system 1360, in accordance with some embodiments.
Watch body 1220 and/or wearable band 1210 can include one or more components shown in watch body computing system 1360. In some embodiments, a single integrated circuit may include all or a substantial portion of the components of watch body computing system 1360 included in a single integrated circuit. Alternatively, in some embodiments, components of the watch body computing system 1360 may be included in a plurality of integrated circuits that are communicatively coupled. In some embodiments, watch body computing system 1360 may be configured to couple (e.g., via a wired or wireless connection) with wearable band computing system 1330, which may allow the computing systems to share components, distribute tasks, and/or perform other operations described herein (individually or as a single device).
Watch body computing system 1360 can include one or more processors 1379, a controller 1377, a peripherals interface 1361, a power system 1395, and memory (e.g., a memory 1380).
Power system 1395 can include a charger input 1396, a power-management integrated circuit (PMIC) 1397, and a battery 1398. In some embodiments, a watch body 1220 and a wearable band 1210 can have respective batteries (e.g., battery 1398 and 1359) and can share power with each other. Watch body 1220 and wearable band 1210 can receive a charge using a variety of techniques. In some embodiments, watch body 1220 and wearable band 1210 can use a wired charging assembly (e.g., power cords) to receive the charge. Alternatively, or in addition, watch body 1220 and/or wearable band 1210 can be configured for wireless charging. For example, a portable charging device can be designed to mate with a portion of watch body 1220 and/or wearable band 1210 and wirelessly deliver usable power to battery 1398 of watch body 1220 and/or battery 1359 of wearable band 1210. Watch body 1220 and wearable band 1210 can have independent power systems (e.g., power system 1395 and 1356, respectively) to enable each to operate independently. Watch body 1220 and wearable band 1210 can also share power (e.g., one can charge the other) via respective PMICs (e.g., PMICs 1397 and 1358) and charger inputs (e.g., 1357 and 1396) that can share power over power and ground conductors and/or over wireless charging antennas.
In some embodiments, peripherals interface 1361 can include one or more sensors 1321. Sensors 1321 can include one or more coupling sensors 1362 for detecting when watch body 1220 is coupled with another electronic device (e.g., a wearable band 1210). Sensors 1321 can include one or more imaging sensors 1363 (e.g., one or more of cameras 1325, and/or separate imaging sensors 1363 (e.g., thermal-imaging sensors)). In some embodiments, sensors 1321 can include one or more SpO2 sensors 1364. In some embodiments, sensors 1321 can include one or more biopotential-signal sensors (e.g., EMG sensors 1365, which may be disposed on an interior, user-facing portion of watch body 1220 and/or wearable band 1210). In some embodiments, sensors 1321 may include one or more capacitive sensors 1366. In some embodiments, sensors 1321 may include one or more heart rate sensors 1367. In some embodiments, sensors 1321 may include one or more IMU sensors 1368. In some embodiments, one or more IMU sensors 1368 can be configured to detect movement of a user's hand or other location where watch body 1220 is placed or held.
In some embodiments, one or more of sensors 1321 may provide an example human-machine interface. For example, a set of neuromuscular sensors, such as EMG sensors 1365, may be arranged circumferentially around wearable band 1210 with an interior surface of EMG sensors 1365 being configured to contact a user's skin. Any suitable number of neuromuscular sensors may be used (e.g., between 2 and 20 sensors). The number and arrangement of neuromuscular sensors may depend on the particular application for which the wearable device is used. For example, wearable band 1210 can be used to generate control information for controlling an augmented reality system, a robot, controlling a vehicle, scrolling through text, controlling a virtual avatar, or any other suitable control task.
In some embodiments, neuromuscular sensors may be coupled together using flexible electronics incorporated into the wireless device, and the output of one or more of the sensing components can be optionally processed using hardware signal processing circuitry (e.g., to perform amplification, filtering, and/or rectification). In other embodiments, at least some signal processing of the output of the sensing components can be performed in software such as processors 1379. Thus, signal processing of signals sampled by the sensors can be performed in hardware, software, or by any suitable combination of hardware and software, as aspects of the technology described herein are not limited in this respect.
Neuromuscular signals may be processed in a variety of ways. For example, the output of EMG sensors 1365 may be provided to an analog front end, which may be configured to perform analog processing (e.g., amplification, noise reduction, filtering, etc.) on the recorded signals. The processed analog signals may then be provided to an analog-to-digital converter, which may convert the analog signals to digital signals that can be processed by one or more computer processors. Furthermore, although this example is as discussed in the context of interfaces with EMG sensors, the embodiments described herein can also be implemented in wearable interfaces with other types of sensors including, but not limited to, mechanomyography (MMG) sensors, sonomyography (SMG) sensors, and electrical impedance tomography (EIT) sensors.
In some embodiments, peripherals interface 1361 includes a near-field communication (NFC) component 1369, a global-position system (GPS) component 1370, a long-term evolution (LTE) component 1371, and/or a Wi-Fi and/or Bluetooth communication component 1372. In some embodiments, peripherals interface 1361 includes one or more buttons 1373 (e.g., peripheral buttons 1223 and 1227 in FIG. 12), which, when selected by a user, cause operation to be performed at watch body 1220. In some embodiments, the peripherals interface 1361 includes one or more indicators, such as a light emitting diode (LED), to provide a user with visual indicators (e.g., message received, low battery, active microphone and/or camera, etc.).
Watch body 1220 can include at least one display 1205 for displaying visual representations of information or data to a user, including user-interface elements and/or three-dimensional virtual objects. The display can also include a touch screen for inputting user inputs, such as touch gestures, swipe gestures, and the like. Watch body 1220 can include at least one speaker 1374 and at least one microphone 1375 for providing audio signals to the user and receiving audio input from the user. The user can provide user inputs through microphone 1375 and can also receive audio output from speaker 1374 as part of a haptic event provided by haptic controller 1378. Watch body 1220 can include at least one camera 1325, including a front camera 1325a and a rear camera 1325b. Cameras 1325 can include ultra-wide-angle cameras, wide angle cameras, fish-eye cameras, spherical cameras, telephoto cameras, depth-sensing cameras, or other types of cameras.
Watch body computing system 1360 can include one or more haptic controllers 1378 and associated componentry (e.g., haptic devices 1376) for providing haptic events at watch body 1220 (e.g., a vibrating sensation or audio output in response to an event at the watch body 1220). Haptic controllers 1378 can communicate with one or more haptic devices 1376, such as electroacoustic devices, including a speaker of the one or more speakers 1374 and/or other audio components and/or electromechanical devices that convert energy into linear motion such as a motor, solenoid, electroactive polymer, piezoelectric actuator, electrostatic actuator, or other tactile output generating components (e.g., a component that converts electrical signals into tactile outputs on the device). Haptic controller 1378 can provide haptic events to that are capable of being sensed by a user of watch body 1220. In some embodiments, one or more haptic controllers 1378 can receive input signals from an application of applications 1382.
In some embodiments, wearable band computing system 1330 and/or watch body computing system 1360 can include memory 1380, which can be controlled by one or more memory controllers of controllers 1377. In some embodiments, software components stored in memory 1380 include one or more applications 1382 configured to perform operations at the watch body 1220. In some embodiments, one or more applications 1382 may include games, word processors, messaging applications, calling applications, web browsers, social media applications, media streaming applications, financial applications, calendars, clocks, etc. In some embodiments, software components stored in memory 1380 include one or more communication interface modules 1383 as defined above. In some embodiments, software components stored in memory 1380 include one or more graphics modules 1384 for rendering, encoding, and/or decoding audio and/or visual data and one or more data management modules 1385 for collecting, organizing, and/or providing access to data 1387 stored in memory 1380. In some embodiments, one or more of applications 1382 and/or one or more modules can work in conjunction with one another to perform various tasks at the watch body 1220.
In some embodiments, software components stored in memory 1380 can include one or more operating systems 1381 (e.g., a Linux-based operating system, an Android operating system, etc.). Memory 1380 can also include data 1387. Data 1387 can include profile data 1388A, sensor data 1389A, media content data 1390, and application data 1391.
It should be appreciated that watch body computing system 1360 is an example of a computing system within watch body 1220, and that watch body 1220 can have more or fewer components than shown in watch body computing system 1360, can combine two or more components, and/or can have a different configuration and/or arrangement of the components. The various components shown in watch body computing system 1360 are implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof, including one or more signal processing and/or application-specific integrated circuits.
Turning to the wearable band computing system 1330, one or more components that can be included in wearable band 1210 are shown. Wearable band computing system 1330 can include more or fewer components than shown in watch body computing system 1360, can combine two or more components, and/or can have a different configuration and/or arrangement of some or all of the components. In some embodiments, all, or a substantial portion of the components of wearable band computing system 1330 are included in a single integrated circuit. Alternatively, in some embodiments, components of wearable band computing system 1330 are included in a plurality of integrated circuits that are communicatively coupled. As described above, in some embodiments, wearable band computing system 1330 is configured to couple (e.g., via a wired or wireless connection) with watch body computing system 1360, which allows the computing systems to share components, distribute tasks, and/or perform other operations described herein (individually or as a single device).
Wearable band computing system 1330, similar to watch body computing system 1360, can include one or more processors 1349, one or more controllers 1347 (including one or more haptics controllers 1348), a peripherals interface 1331 that can includes one or more sensors 1313 and other peripheral devices, a power source (e.g., a power system 1356), and memory (e.g., a memory 1350) that includes an operating system (e.g., an operating system 1351), data (e.g., data 1354 including profile data 1388B, sensor data 1389B, etc.), and one or more modules (e.g., a communications interface module 1352, a data management module 1353, etc.).
One or more of sensors 1313 can be analogous to sensors 1321 of watch body computing system 1360. For example, sensors 1313 can include one or more coupling sensors 1332, one or more SpO2 sensors 1334, one or more EMG sensors 1335, one or more capacitive sensors 1336, one or more heart rate sensors 1337, and one or more IMU sensors 1338.
Peripherals interface 1331 can also include other components analogous to those included in peripherals interface 1361 of watch body computing system 1360, including an NFC component 1339, a GPS component 1340, an LTE component 1341, a Wi-Fi and/or Bluetooth communication component 1342, and/or one or more haptic devices 1346 as described above in reference to peripherals interface 1361. In some embodiments, peripherals interface 1331 includes one or more buttons 1343, a display 1333, a speaker 1344, a microphone 1345, and a camera 1355. In some embodiments, peripherals interface 1331 includes one or more indicators, such as an LED.
It should be appreciated that wearable band computing system 1330 is an example of a computing system within wearable band 1210, and that wearable band 1210 can have more or fewer components than shown in wearable band computing system 1330, combine two or more components, and/or have a different configuration and/or arrangement of the components. The various components shown in wearable band computing system 1330 can be implemented in one or more of a combination of hardware, software, or firmware, including one or more signal processing and/or application-specific integrated circuits.
Wrist-wearable device 1200 with respect to FIG. 12 is an example of wearable band 1210 and watch body 1220 coupled together, so wrist-wearable device 1200 will be understood to include the components shown and described for wearable band computing system 1330 and watch body computing system 1360. In some embodiments, wrist-wearable device 1200 has a split architecture (e.g., a split mechanical architecture, a split electrical architecture, etc.) between watch body 1220 and wearable band 1210. In other words, all of the components shown in wearable band computing system 1330 and watch body computing system 1360 can be housed or otherwise disposed in a combined wrist-wearable device 1200 or within individual components of watch body 1220, wearable band 1210, and/or portions thereof (e.g., a coupling mechanism 1216 of wearable band 1210).
The techniques described above can be used with any device for sensing neuromuscular signals but could also be used with other types of wearable devices for sensing neuromuscular signals (such as body-wearable or head-wearable devices that might have neuromuscular sensors closer to the brain or spinal column).
In some embodiments, wrist-wearable device 1200 can be used in conjunction with a head-wearable device (e.g., AR system 1400 and VR system 1500) and/or an HIPD, and wrist-wearable device 1200 can also be configured to be used to allow a user to control any aspect of the artificial reality (e.g., by using EMG-based gestures to control user interface objects in the artificial reality and/or by allowing a user to interact with the touchscreen on the wrist-wearable device to also control aspects of the artificial reality). Having thus described example wrist-wearable devices, attention will now be turned to example head-wearable devices, such AR system 1400 and VR system 1500.
FIGS. 14 to 16 show example artificial-reality systems, which can be used as or in connection with wrist-wearable device 1200. In some embodiments, AR system 1400 includes an eyewear device 1402, as shown in FIG. 14. In some embodiments, VR system 1500 includes a head-mounted display (HMD) 1512, as shown in FIGS. 15A and 15B. In some embodiments, AR system 1400 and VR system 1500 can include one or more analogous components (e.g., components for presenting interactive artificial-reality environments, such as processors, memory, and/or presentation devices, including one or more displays and/or one or more waveguides), some of which are described in more detail with respect to FIG. 16. As described herein, a head-wearable device can include components of eyewear device 1402 and/or head-mounted display 1512. Some embodiments of head-wearable devices do not include any displays, including any of the displays described with respect to AR system 1400 and/or VR system 1500. While the example artificial-reality systems are respectively described herein as AR system 1400 and VR system 1500, either or both of the example AR systems described herein can be configured to present fully-immersive virtual-reality scenes presented in substantially all of a user's field of view or subtler augmented-reality scenes that are presented within a portion, less than all, of the user's field of view.
FIG. 14 show an example visual depiction of AR system 1400, including an eyewear device 1402 (which may also be described herein as augmented-reality glasses, and/or smart glasses). AR system 1400 can include additional electronic components that are not shown in FIG. 14, such as a wearable accessory device and/or an intermediary processing device, in electronic communication or otherwise configured to be used in conjunction with the eyewear device 1402. In some embodiments, the wearable accessory device and/or the intermediary processing device may be configured to couple with eyewear device 1402 via a coupling mechanism in electronic communication with a coupling sensor 1624 (FIG. 16), where coupling sensor 1624 can detect when an electronic device becomes physically or electronically coupled with eyewear device 1402. In some embodiments, eyewear device 1402 can be configured to couple to a housing 1690 (FIG. 16), which may include one or more additional coupling mechanisms configured to couple with additional accessory devices. The components shown in FIG. 14 can be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof, including one or more signal-processing components and/or application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs).
Eyewear device 1402 includes mechanical glasses components, including a frame 1404 configured to hold one or more lenses (e.g., one or both lenses 1406-1 and 1406-2). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that eyewear device 1402 can include additional mechanical components, such as hinges configured to allow portions of frame 1404 of eyewear device 1402 to be folded and unfolded, a bridge configured to span the gap between lenses 1406-1 and 1406-2 and rest on the user's nose, nose pads configured to rest on the bridge of the nose and provide support for eyewear device 1402, earpieces configured to rest on the user's ears and provide additional support for eyewear device 1402, temple arms configured to extend from the hinges to the earpieces of eyewear device 1402, and the like. One of ordinary skill in the art will further appreciate that some examples of AR system 1400 can include none of the mechanical components described herein. For example, smart contact lenses configured to present artificial reality to users may not include any components of eyewear device 1402.
Eyewear device 1402 includes electronic components, many of which will be described in more detail below with respect to FIG. 10. Some example electronic components are illustrated in FIG. 14, including acoustic sensors 1425-1, 1425-2, 1425-3, 1425-4, 1425-5, and 1425-6, which can be distributed along a substantial portion of the frame 1404 of eyewear device 1402. Eyewear device 1402 also includes a left camera 1439A and a right camera 1439B, which are located on different sides of the frame 1404. Eyewear device 1402 also includes a processor 1448 (or any other suitable type or form of integrated circuit) that is embedded into a portion of the frame 1404.
FIGS. 15A and 15B show a VR system 1500 that includes a head-mounted display (HMD) 1512 (e.g., also referred to herein as an artificial-reality headset, a head-wearable device, a VR headset, etc.), in accordance with some embodiments. As noted, some artificial-reality systems (e.g., AR system 1400) may, instead of blending an artificial reality with actual reality, substantially replace one or more of a user's visual and/or other sensory perceptions of the real world with a virtual experience (e.g., AR systems 1000 and 1100).
HMD 1512 includes a front body 1514 and a frame 1516 (e.g., a strap or band) shaped to fit around a user's head. In some embodiments, front body 1514 and/or frame 1516 include one or more electronic elements for facilitating presentation of and/or interactions with an AR and/or VR system (e.g., displays, IMUs, tracking emitter or detectors). In some embodiments, HMD 1512 includes output audio transducers (e.g., an audio transducer 1518), as shown in FIG. 15B. In some embodiments, one or more components, such as the output audio transducer(s) 1518 and frame 1516, can be configured to attach and detach (e.g., are detachably attachable) to HMD 1512 (e.g., a portion or all of frame 1516, and/or audio transducer 1518), as shown in FIG. 15B. In some embodiments, coupling a detachable component to HMD 1512 causes the detachable component to come into electronic communication with HMD 1512.
FIGS. 15A and 15B also show that VR system 1500 includes one or more cameras, such as left camera 1539A and right camera 1539B, which can be analogous to left and right cameras 1439A and 1439B on frame 1404 of eyewear device 1402. In some embodiments, VR system 1500 includes one or more additional cameras (e.g., cameras 1539C and 1539D), which can be configured to augment image data obtained by left and right cameras 1539A and 1539B by providing more information. For example, camera 1539C can be used to supply color information that is not discerned by cameras 1539A and 1539B. In some embodiments, one or more of cameras 1539A to 1539D can include an optional IR cut filter configured to remove IR light from being received at the respective camera sensors.
FIG. 16 illustrates a computing system 1620 and an optional housing 1690, each of which show components that can be included in AR system 1400 and/or VR system 1500. In some embodiments, more or fewer components can be included in optional housing 1690 depending on practical restraints of the respective AR system being described.
In some embodiments, computing system 1620 can include one or more peripherals interfaces 1622A and/or optional housing 1690 can include one or more peripherals interfaces 1622B. Each of computing system 1620 and optional housing 1690 can also include one or more power systems 1642A and 1642B, one or more controllers 1646 (including one or more haptic controllers 1647), one or more processors 1648A and 1648B (as defined above, including any of the examples provided), and memory 1650A and 1650B, which can all be in electronic communication with each other. For example, the one or more processors 1648A and 1648B can be configured to execute instructions stored in memory 1650A and 1650B, which can cause a controller of one or more of controllers 1646 to cause operations to be performed at one or more peripheral devices connected to peripherals interface 1622A and/or 1622B. In some embodiments, each operation described can be powered by electrical power provided by power system 1642A and/or 1642B.
In some embodiments, peripherals interface 1622A can include one or more devices configured to be part of computing system 1620, some of which have been defined above and/or described with respect to the wrist-wearable devices shown in FIGS. 12 and 13. For example, peripherals interface 1622A can include one or more sensors 1623A. Some example sensors 1623A include one or more coupling sensors 1624, one or more acoustic sensors 1625, one or more imaging sensors 1626, one or more EMG sensors 1627, one or more capacitive sensors 1628, one or more IMU sensors 1629, and/or any other types of sensors explained above or described with respect to any other embodiments discussed herein.
In some embodiments, peripherals interfaces 1622A and 1622B can include one or more additional peripheral devices, including one or more NFC devices 1630, one or more GPS devices 1631, one or more LTE devices 1632, one or more Wi-Fi and/or Bluetooth devices 1633, one or more buttons 1634 (e.g., including buttons that are slidable or otherwise adjustable), one or more displays 1635A and 1635B, one or more speakers 1636A and 1636B, one or more microphones 1637, one or more cameras 1638A and 1638B (e.g., including the left camera 1639A and/or a right camera 1639B), one or more haptic devices 1640, and/or any other types of peripheral devices defined above or described with respect to any other embodiments discussed herein.
AR systems can include a variety of types of visual feedback mechanisms (e.g., presentation devices). For example, display devices in AR system 1400 and/or VR system 1500 can include one or more liquid-crystal displays (LCDs), light emitting diode (LED) displays, organic LED (OLED) displays, and/or any other suitable types of display screens. Artificial-reality systems can include a single display screen (e.g., configured to be seen by both eyes), and/or can provide separate display screens for each eye, which can allow for additional flexibility for varifocal adjustments and/or for correcting a refractive error associated with a user's vision. Some embodiments of AR systems also include optical subsystems having one or more lenses (e.g., conventional concave or convex lenses, Fresnel lenses, or adjustable liquid lenses) through which a user can view a display screen.
For example, respective displays 1635A and 1635B can be coupled to each of the lenses 1406-1 and 1406-2 of AR system 1400. Displays 1635A and 1635B may be coupled to each of lenses 1406-1 and 1406-2, which can act together or independently to present an image or series of images to a user. In some embodiments, AR system 1400 includes a single display 1635A or 1635B (e.g., a near-eye display) or more than two displays 1635A and 1635B. In some embodiments, a first set of one or more displays 1635A and 1635B can be used to present an augmented-reality environment, and a second set of one or more display devices 1635A and 1635B can be used to present a virtual-reality environment. In some embodiments, one or more waveguides are used in conjunction with presenting artificial-reality content to the user of AR system 1400 (e.g., as a means of delivering light from one or more displays 1635A and 1635B to the user's eyes). In some embodiments, one or more waveguides are fully or partially integrated into the eyewear device 1402. Additionally, or alternatively to display screens, some artificial-reality systems include one or more projection systems. For example, display devices in AR system 1400 and/or VR system 1500 can include micro-LED projectors that project light (e.g., using a waveguide) into display devices, such as clear combiner lenses that allow ambient light to pass through. The display devices can refract the projected light toward a user's pupil and can enable a user to simultaneously view both artificial-reality content and the real world. Artificial-reality systems can also be configured with any other suitable type or form of image projection system. In some embodiments, one or more waveguides are provided additionally or alternatively to the one or more display(s) 1635A and 1635B.
Computing system 1620 and/or optional housing 1690 of AR system 1400 or VR system 1500 can include some or all of the components of a power system 1642A and 1642B. Power systems 1642A and 1642B can include one or more charger inputs 1643, one or more PMICs 1644, and/or one or more batteries 1645A and 1644B.
Memory 1650A and 1650B may include instructions and data, some or all of which may be stored as non-transitory computer-readable storage media within the memories 1650A and 1650B. For example, memory 1650A and 1650B can include one or more operating systems 1651, one or more applications 1652, one or more communication interface applications 1653A and 1653B, one or more graphics applications 1654A and 1654B, one or more AR processing applications 1655A and 1655B, and/or any other types of data defined above or described with respect to any other embodiments discussed herein.
Memory 1650A and 1650B also include data 1660A and 1660B, which can be used in conjunction with one or more of the applications discussed above. Data 1660A and 1660B can include profile data 1661, sensor data 1662A and 1662B, media content data 1663A, AR application data 1664A and 1664B, and/or any other types of data defined above or described with respect to any other embodiments discussed herein.
In some embodiments, controller 1646 of eyewear device 1402 may process information generated by sensors 1623A and/or 1623B on eyewear device 1402 and/or another electronic device within AR system 1400. For example, controller 1646 can process information from acoustic sensors 1425-1 and 1425-2. For each detected sound, controller 1646 can perform a direction of arrival (DOA) estimation to estimate a direction from which the detected sound arrived at eyewear device 1402 of AR system 1400. As one or more of acoustic sensors 1625 (e.g., the acoustic sensors 1425-1, 1425-2) detects sounds, controller 1646 can populate an audio data set with the information (e.g., represented as sensor data 1662A and 1662B).
In some embodiments, a physical electronic connector can convey information between eyewear device 1402 and another electronic device and/or between one or more processors 1448, 1648A, 1648B of AR system 1400 or VR system 1500 and controller 1646. The information can be in the form of optical data, electrical data, wireless data, or any other transmittable data form. Moving the processing of information generated by eyewear device 1402 to an intermediary processing device can reduce weight and heat in the eyewear device, making it more comfortable and safer for a user. In some embodiments, an optional wearable accessory device (e.g., an electronic neckband) is coupled to eyewear device 1402 via one or more connectors. The connectors can be wired or wireless connectors and can include electrical and/or non-electrical (e.g., structural) components. In some embodiments, eyewear device 1402 and the wearable accessory device can operate independently without any wired or wireless connection between them.
In some situations, pairing external devices, such as an intermediary processing device (e.g., HIPD 806, 906, 1006) with eyewear device 1402 (e.g., as part of AR system 1400) enables eyewear device 1402 to achieve a similar form factor of a pair of glasses while still providing sufficient battery and computation power for expanded capabilities. Some, or all, of the battery power, computational resources, and/or additional features of AR system 1400 can be provided by a paired device or shared between a paired device and eyewear device 1402, thus reducing the weight, heat profile, and form factor of eyewear device 1402 overall while allowing eyewear device 1402 to retain its desired functionality. For example, the wearable accessory device can allow components that would otherwise be included on eyewear device 1402 to be included in the wearable accessory device and/or intermediary processing device, thereby shifting a weight load from the user's head and neck to one or more other portions of the user's body. In some embodiments, the intermediary processing device has a larger surface area over which to diffuse and disperse heat to the ambient environment. Thus, the intermediary processing device can allow for greater battery and computation capacity than might otherwise have been possible on eyewear device 1402 standing alone. Because weight carried in the wearable accessory device can be less invasive to a user than weight carried in the eyewear device 1402, a user may tolerate wearing a lighter eyewear device and carrying or wearing the paired device for greater lengths of time than the user would tolerate wearing a heavier eyewear device standing alone, thereby enabling an artificial-reality environment to be incorporated more fully into a user's day-to-day activities.
AR systems can include various types of computer vision components and subsystems. For example, AR system 1400 and/or VR system 1500 can include one or more optical sensors such as two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) cameras, time-of-flight depth sensors, structured light transmitters and detectors, single-beam or sweeping laser rangefinders, 3D LiDAR sensors, and/or any other suitable type or form of optical sensor. An AR system can process data from one or more of these sensors to identify a location of a user and/or aspects of the use's real-world physical surroundings, including the locations of real-world objects within the real-world physical surroundings. In some embodiments, the methods described herein are used to map the real world, to provide a user with context about real-world surroundings, and/or to generate digital twins (e.g., interactable virtual objects), among a variety of other functions. For example, FIGS. 15A and 15B show VR system 1500 having cameras 1539A to 1539D, which can be used to provide depth information for creating a voxel field and a two-dimensional mesh to provide object information to the user to avoid collisions.
In some embodiments, AR system 1400 and/or VR system 1500 can include haptic (tactile) feedback systems, which may be incorporated into headwear, gloves, body suits, handheld controllers, environmental devices (e.g., chairs or floormats), and/or any other type of device or system, such as the wearable devices discussed herein. The haptic feedback systems may provide various types of cutaneous feedback, including vibration, force, traction, shear, texture, and/or temperature. The haptic feedback systems may also provide various types of kinesthetic feedback, such as motion and compliance. The haptic feedback may be implemented using motors, piezoelectric actuators, fluidic systems, and/or a variety of other types of feedback mechanisms. The haptic feedback systems may be implemented independently of other artificial-reality devices, within other artificial-reality devices, and/or in conjunction with other artificial-reality devices.
In some embodiments of an artificial reality system, such as AR system 1400 and/or VR system 1500, ambient light (e.g., a live feed of the surrounding environment that a user would normally see) can be passed through a display element of a respective head-wearable device presenting aspects of the AR system. In some embodiments, ambient light can be passed through a portion less that is less than all of an AR environment presented within a user's field of view (e.g., a portion of the AR environment co-located with a physical object in the user's real-world environment that is within a designated boundary (e.g., a guardian boundary) configured to be used by the user while they are interacting with the AR environment). For example, a visual user interface element (e.g., a notification user interface element) can be presented at the head-wearable device, and an amount of ambient light (e.g., 15-50% of the ambient light) can be passed through the user interface element such that the user can distinguish at least a portion of the physical environment over which the user interface element is being displayed.
The process parameters and sequence of the steps described and/or illustrated herein are given by way of example only and can be varied as desired. For example, while the steps illustrated and/or described herein may be shown or discussed in a particular order, these steps do not necessarily need to be performed in the order illustrated or discussed. The various exemplary methods described and/or illustrated herein may also omit one or more of the steps described or illustrated herein or include additional steps in addition to those disclosed.
The preceding description has been provided to enable others skilled in the art to best utilize various aspects of the exemplary embodiments disclosed herein. This exemplary description is not intended to be exhaustive or to be limited to any precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. The embodiments disclosed herein should be considered in all respects illustrative and not restrictive. Reference should be made to the appended claims and their equivalents in determining the scope of the present disclosure.
As used herein, the term “substantially” in reference to a given parameter, property, or condition may mean and include to a degree that one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the given parameter, property, or condition is met with a small degree of variance, such as within acceptable manufacturing tolerances. By way of example, depending on the particular parameter, property, or condition that is substantially met, the parameter, property, or condition may be at least approximately 90% met, at least approximately 95% met, or even at least approximately 99% met.
As used herein, the term “approximately” in reference to a particular numeric value or range of values may, in certain embodiments, mean and include the stated value as well as all values within 10% of the stated value. Thus, by way of example, reference to the numeric value “50” as “approximately 50” may, in certain embodiments, include values equal to 50±5, i.e., values within the range 45 to 55.
Unless otherwise noted, the terms “connected to” and “coupled to” (and their derivatives), as used in the specification and claims, are to be construed as permitting both direct and indirect (i.e., via other elements or components) connection. In addition, the terms “a” or “an,” as used in the specification and claims, are to be construed as meaning “at least one of.” Finally, for ease of use, the terms “including” and “having” (and their derivatives), as used in the specification and claims, are interchangeable with and have the same meaning as the word “comprising.”
It will be understood that when an element such as a layer or a region is referred to as being formed on, deposited on, or disposed “on” or “over” another element, it may be located directly on at least a portion of the other element, or one or more intervening elements may also be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” or “directly over” another element, it may be located on at least a portion of the other element, with no intervening elements present.
While various features, elements or steps of particular embodiments may be disclosed using the transitional phrase “comprising,” it is to be understood that alternative embodiments, including those that may be described using the transitional phrases “consisting of” or “consisting essentially of,” are implied. Thus, for example, implied alternative embodiments to an OSC layer that comprises or includes anthracene include embodiments where an OSC layer consists essentially of anthracene and embodiments where an OSC layer consists of anthracene.
