Apple Patent | Devices and methods for measuring using augmented reality

Patent: Devices and methods for measuring using augmented reality

Drawings: Click to check drawins

Publication Number: 20210254962

Publication Date: 20210819

Applicant: Apple

Abstract

An electronic device displays an application user interface that includes a representation of a field of view of one or more cameras. The representation of the field of view is updated over time based on changes to current visual data detected by the one or more cameras, and the field of view includes a physical object in a three-dimensional space. While the device is a first distance from the physical object, the device displays a representation of a measurement that corresponds to the physical object. After the device has moved to a second distance from the physical object, the device displays, a second representation of the measurement that includes one or more scale markers along at least a portion of the second representation of the measurement that were not displayed with the first representation of the measurement.

Claims

1. A method, comprising: at an electronic device with a display, an input device, and one or more cameras: displaying, on the display, a user interface of an application, wherein: the user interface includes a representation of a field of view of at least one of the one or more cameras; the representation of the field of view is updated over time based on changes to current visual data detected by at least one of the one or more cameras; and the field of view includes a physical object in a three-dimensional space; while the electronic device is a first distance from the physical object, displaying, over the representation of the field of view, a first representation of a measurement that corresponds to the physical object; detecting movement of the electronic device that moves the electronic device to a second distance from the physical object, wherein the second distance is different from the first distance; and while the electronic device is the second distance from the physical object, displaying a second representation of the measurement that includes one or more scale markers along at least a portion of the second representation of the measurement that were not displayed with the first representation of the measurement.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more scale markers are displayed at a first interval along the second representation of the measurement, and the first interval corresponds to the second distance from the physical object to the electronic device.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first representation of the measurement does not include scale markers.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the one or more scale markers included in the second representation of the measurement comprise one or more first scale markers displayed along the second representation of the measurement at a first scale; and the method includes: detecting movement of the electronic device that moves the electronic device to a third distance from the physical object, wherein the third distance is less than the second distance; and while the electronic device is the third distance from the physical object, displaying a third representation of the measurement that includes one or more scale markers displayed along at least a portion of the third representation of the measurement that are displayed at a second scale different from the first scale.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein displaying the one or more scale markers at the first scale is performed in accordance with a determination that the second distance between the electronic device and the physical object is greater than a first threshold distance; and displaying the one or more scale markers at the second scale is performed in accordance with a determination that the third distance between the electronic device and the physical object is less than the first threshold distance.

6. The method of claim 4, wherein the second representation of the measurement includes a first number of scale markers and the third representation of the measurement includes a second number of scale markers that is larger than the first number of scale markers.

7. The method of claim 1, including: concurrently displaying, with the first representation of the measurement and the second representation of the measurement, a label that describes the measurement, wherein: while the electronic device is the first distance from the physical object, the label is displayed at a first size; and while the electronic device is the second distance from the physical object, the label is displayed at a second size that is different from the first size.

8. An electronic device, comprising: a display; an input device; one or more cameras; one or more processors; and memory storing one or more programs, wherein the one or more programs are configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for: displaying, on the display, a user interface of an application, wherein: the user interface includes a representation of a field of view of at least one of the one or more cameras; the representation of the field of view is updated over time based on changes to current visual data detected by at least one of the one or more cameras; and the field of view includes a physical object in a three-dimensional space; while the electronic device is a first distance from the physical object, displaying, over the representation of the field of view, a first representation of a measurement that corresponds to the physical object; detecting movement of the electronic device that moves the electronic device to a second distance from the physical object, wherein the second distance is different from the first distance; and while the electronic device is the second distance from the physical object, displaying a second representation of the measurement that includes one or more scale markers along at least a portion of the second representation of the measurement that were not displayed with the first representation of the measurement.

9. The electronic device of claim 8, wherein the one or more scale markers are displayed at a first interval along the second representation of the measurement, and the first interval corresponds to the second distance from the physical object to the electronic device.

10. The electronic device of claim 8, wherein the first representation of the measurement does not include scale markers.

11. The electronic device of claim 10, wherein the one or more scale markers included in the second representation of the measurement comprise one or more first scale markers displayed along the second representation of the measurement at a first scale; and the one or more programs include instructions for: detecting movement of the electronic device that moves the electronic device to a third distance from the physical object, wherein the third distance is less than the second distance; and while the electronic device is the third distance from the physical object, displaying a third representation of the measurement that includes one or more scale markers displayed along at least a portion of the third representation of the measurement that are displayed at a second scale different from the first scale.

12. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein displaying the one or more scale markers at the first scale is performed in accordance with a determination that the second distance between the electronic device and the physical object is greater than a first threshold distance; and displaying the one or more scale markers at the second scale is performed in accordance with a determination that the third distance between the electronic device and the physical object is less than the first threshold distance.

13. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the second representation of the measurement includes a first number of scale markers and the third representation of the measurement includes a second number of scale markers that is larger than the first number of scale markers.

14. The electronic device of claim 8, wherein the one or more programs include instructions for: concurrently displaying, with the first representation of the measurement and the second representation of the measurement, a label that describes the measurement, wherein: while the electronic device is the first distance from the physical object, the label is displayed at a first size; and while the electronic device is the second distance from the physical object, the label is displayed at a second size that is different from the first size.

15. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing one or more programs, the one or more programs comprising instructions that, when executed by an electronic device with a display, an input device, and one or more cameras, cause the electronic device to: display, on the display, a user interface of an application, wherein: the user interface includes a representation of a field of view of at least one of the one or more cameras; the representation of the field of view is updated over time based on changes to current visual data detected by at least one of the one or more cameras; and the field of view includes a physical object in a three-dimensional space; while the electronic device is a first distance from the physical object, displaying, over the representation of the field of view, a first representation of a measurement that corresponds to the physical object; detecting movement of the electronic device that moves the electronic device to a second distance from the physical object, wherein the second distance is different from the first distance; and while the electronic device is the second distance from the physical object, displaying a second representation of the measurement that includes one or more scale markers along at least a portion of the second representation of the measurement that were not displayed with the first representation of the measurement.

16. The computer readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the one or more scale markers are displayed at a first interval along the second representation of the measurement, and the first interval corresponds to the second distance from the physical object to the electronic device.

17. The computer readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the first representation of the measurement does not include scale markers.

18. The computer readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the one or more scale markers included in the second representation of the measurement comprise one or more first scale markers displayed along the second representation of the measurement at a first scale; and the one or more programs include instructions that, when executed by the electronic device, cause the electronic device to: detect movement of the electronic device that moves the electronic device to a third distance from the physical object, wherein the third distance is less than the second distance; and while the electronic device is the third distance from the physical object, display a third representation of the measurement that includes one or more scale markers displayed along at least a portion of the third representation of the measurement that are displayed at a second scale different from the first scale.

19. The computer readable storage medium of claim 18, wherein displaying the one or more scale markers at the first scale is performed in accordance with a determination that the second distance between the electronic device and the physical object is greater than a first threshold distance; and displaying the one or more scale markers at the second scale is performed in accordance with a determination that the third distance between the electronic device and the physical object is less than the first threshold distance.

20. The computer readable storage medium of claim 18, wherein the second representation of the measurement includes a first number of scale markers and the third representation of the measurement includes a second number of scale markers that is larger than the first number of scale markers.

21. The computer readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the one or more programs include instructions that, when executed by the electronic device, cause the electronic device to: concurrently display, with the first representation of the measurement and the second representation of the measurement, a label that describes the measurement, wherein: while the electronic device is the first distance from the physical object, the label is displayed at a first size; and while the electronic device is the second distance from the physical object, the label is displayed at a second size that is different from the first size.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/841,550, filed Apr. 6, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/138,779, filed Sep. 21, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,612,908, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/679,952, filed Jun. 3, 2018, and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/668,249, filed May 7, 2018, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] This relates generally to electronic devices for virtual/augmented reality, including but not limited to electronic devices for measuring physical spaces and/or objects using virtual/augmented reality environments.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Augmented reality environments are useful for making measurements of physical spaces and objects therein, by providing a view of the physical space and enabling a user to superimpose measurements on the physical space and objects therein. But conventional methods of measuring using augmented reality are cumbersome, inefficient, and limited. In some cases, conventional methods of measuring using augmented reality are limited in functionality. In some cases, conventional methods of measuring using augmented reality require multiple separate inputs (e.g., a sequence of gestures and button presses, etc.) to achieve an intended outcome (e.g., through activation of numerous displayed user interface elements to access different measurement functions). In addition, conventional methods take longer than necessary, thereby wasting energy. This latter consideration is particularly important in battery-operated devices.

SUMMARY

[0004] Accordingly, there is a need for computer systems with improved methods and interfaces for measuring using virtual/augmented reality environments. Such methods and interfaces optionally complement or replace conventional methods for measuring using virtual/augmented reality environments. Such methods and interfaces reduce the number, extent, and/or nature of the inputs from a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface. For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.

[0005] The above deficiencies and other problems associated with user interfaces for measuring using virtual/augmented reality are reduced or eliminated by the disclosed computer systems. In some embodiments, the computer system includes a desktop computer. In some embodiments, the computer system is portable (e.g., a notebook computer, tablet computer, or handheld device). In some embodiments, the computer system includes a personal electronic device (e.g., a wearable electronic device, such as a watch). In some embodiments, the computer system has (and/or is in communication with) a touchpad. In some embodiments, the computer system has (and/or is in communication with) a touch-sensitive display (also known as a “touch screen” or “touch-screen display”). In some embodiments, the computer system has a graphical user interface (GUI), one or more processors, memory and one or more modules, programs or sets of instructions stored in the memory for performing multiple functions. In some embodiments, the user interacts with the GUI in part through stylus and/or finger contacts and gestures on the touch-sensitive surface. In some embodiments, in addition to an augmented reality-based measurement function, the functions optionally include game playing, image editing, drawing, presenting, word processing, spreadsheet making, telephoning, video conferencing, e-mailing, instant messaging, workout support, digital photographing, digital videoing, web browsing, digital music playing, note taking, and/or digital video playing. Executable instructions for performing these functions are, optionally, included in a non-transitory computer readable storage medium or other computer program product configured for execution by one or more processors.

[0006] In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a touch-sensitive display and one or more cameras. The method includes displaying, on the touch-sensitive display, a user interface of an application. The user interface includes a representation of a field of view of at least one of the one or more cameras. The representation of the field of view is displayed at a first magnification, and the representation of the field of view is updated over time based on changes to current visual data detected by at least one of the one or more cameras. The field of view includes at least a portion of a three-dimensional space. The method includes, while displaying the representation of the field of view, detecting a first touch input on the touch-sensitive display, and, in response to detecting the first touch input, adding and displaying a measurement point at a first location in the representation of the field of view that corresponds to a first location in the three-dimensional space. The method also includes, after adding the measurement point and while continuing to display the representation of the field of view: as at least one of the one or more cameras moves, displaying the measurement point at a location in the representation of the field of view that corresponds to the first location in the three-dimensional space; detecting a second touch input at a location on the touch-sensitive display that corresponds to a current location of the measurement point in the representation of the field of view; and, in response to detecting the second touch input, enlarging display of at least a portion of the representation of the field of view from the first magnification to a second magnification, greater than the first magnification, wherein the enlarged display of the portion of the representation of the field of view includes the measurement point.

[0007] In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a touch-sensitive display, one or more sensors to detect intensities of contacts with the touch-sensitive display, and one or more cameras. The method includes displaying, on the touch-sensitive display, a user interface of an application. The user interface includes a representation of a field of view of at least one of the one or more cameras. The representation of the field of view is updated over time based on changes to current visual data detected by at least one of the one or more cameras. The user interface also includes a measurement-point-creation indicator that is displayed over the representation of the field of view. The field of view includes at least a portion of a three-dimensional space. The method includes detecting a contact on the touch-sensitive display, and, while continuously detecting the contact on the touch-sensitive display, while the measurement-point-creation indicator is displayed over a first location in the representation of the field of view that corresponds to a first location in the three-dimensional space, and in accordance with a determination that first criteria are met, where the first criteria include a requirement that an intensity of the contact meet a respective intensity threshold in order for the first criteria to be met, adding and displaying a first measurement point in the representation of the field of view that corresponds to the first location in the three-dimensional space. The method also includes, after adding the first measurement point, updating the representation of the field of view as the electronic device is moved. The method further includes, after the electronic device is moved, while the measurement-point-creation indicator is displayed over a second location in the representation of the field of view that corresponds to a second location in the three-dimensional space, in accordance with a determination that the first criteria are met while the measurement-point-creation indicator is displayed over the second location in the representation of the field of view that corresponds to the second location in the three-dimensional space: adding and displaying a second measurement point in the representation of the field of view that corresponds to the second location in the three-dimensional space; and displaying a first measurement segment connecting the first measurement point and the second measurement point.

[0008] In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a touch-sensitive display and one or more cameras. The method includes displaying, on the touch-sensitive display, a user interface of an application. The user interface includes a representation of a field of view of at least one of the one or more cameras. The representation of the field of view is updated over time based on changes to current visual data detected by at least one of the one or more cameras. The user interface includes a measurement-point-creation indicator that is displayed over the representation of the field of view. The field of view includes at least a portion of a three-dimensional space. The method includes, while displaying the representation of the field of view, determining an anchor point at a location in the representation of the field of view that corresponds to a first location in the three-dimensional space. The method also includes, as at least one of the one or more cameras move, while the measurement-point-creation indicator is over the anchor point, changing a visual appearance of the measurement-point-creation indicator to indicate that a measurement point will be added at the anchor point if a touch input meets first criteria. The method further includes, detecting a first touch input on the touch-sensitive display that meets the first criteria, and, in response to detecting the first touch input that meets the first criteria: in accordance with a determination that the measurement-point-creation indicator is over the anchor point when the first criteria are met, adding and displaying a first measurement point at the anchor point in the representation of the field of view that corresponds to the first location in the three-dimensional space; and in accordance with a determination that the measurement-point-creation indicator is not over the anchor point when the first criteria are met, adding and displaying a first measurement point at a first location in the representation of the field of view that is away from the anchor point.

[0009] In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display, an input device, and one or more cameras. The method includes displaying, on the display, a user interface of an application. The user interface includes a representation of a field of view of at least one of the one or more cameras. The representation of the field of view is updated over time based on changes to current visual data detected by at least one of the one or more cameras. The field of view includes a physical object in a three-dimensional space. The method includes, while displaying the representation of the field of view, detecting one or more user inputs, via the input device, that add, over the representation of the field of view, a representation of a first measurement that corresponds to the physical object. The method also includes concurrently displaying, over the representation of the field of view, the representation of the first measurement and a first label that describes the first measurement, where: in accordance with a determination that a first distance between the electronic device and the physical object is less than a first threshold distance, the first label is displayed at a first threshold size; in accordance with a determination that the first distance between the electronic device and the physical object is greater than a second threshold distance that is greater than the first threshold distance, the first label is displayed at a second threshold size that is smaller than the first threshold size; and in accordance with a determination that the first distance between the electronic device and the physical object is between the first threshold distance and the second threshold distance, the first label is displayed at a size, between the first threshold size and the second threshold size, that depends on the first distance between the electronic device and the physical object.

[0010] In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display, an input device, and one or more cameras. The method includes displaying, on the display, a user interface of an application. The user interface includes a representation of a field of view of at least one of the one or more cameras. The representation of the field of view is updated over time based on changes to current visual data detected by at least one of the one or more cameras. The field of view includes a physical object in a three-dimensional space. The method includes, while displaying the representation of the field of view, detecting one or more user inputs, via the input device, that add, over the representation of the field of view, a representation of a first measurement that corresponds to the physical object, where the representation of the first measurement includes a first endpoint that corresponds to a first location on the physical object, the representation of the first measurement includes a second endpoint that corresponds to a second location on the physical object; and the representation of the first measurement includes a first line segment connecting the first endpoint and the second endpoint. The method also includes determining, based in part on the first measurement, a first area in the representation of the field of view that adjoins the first line segment of the first measurement, where the first area corresponds to a physical rectangular area in the three-dimensional space. The method further includes displaying an indication of the first area in the user interface, where the indication is overlaid on the first area in the representation of the field of view.

[0011] In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a touch-sensitive display and one or more cameras. The method includes displaying, on the touch-sensitive display, a first user interface of an application. The first user interface includes a representation of a field of view of at least one of the one or more cameras. The representation of the field of view is updated over time based on changes to current visual data detected by at least one of the one or more cameras. The field of view includes a physical object in a three-dimensional space. A representation of a measurement of the physical object is superimposed on an image of the physical object in the representation of the field of view. The method includes, while displaying the first user interface, detecting a first touch input on the touch-sensitive display on the representation of the measurement. The method further includes, in response to detecting the first touch input on the touch-sensitive display on the representation of the measurement, initiating a process for sharing information about the measurement.

[0012] In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display, an input device, and one or more cameras. The method includes displaying, on the display, a user interface of an application. The user interface includes a representation of a field of view of at least one of the one or more cameras. The representation of the field of view is updated over time based on changes to current visual data detected by at least one of the one or more cameras. The field of view includes at least a portion of a three-dimensional space. The method includes detecting movement of the electronic device that moves the field of view of at least one of the one or more cameras in a first direction. The method also includes, while detecting the movement of the electronic device that moves the field of view in the first direction: updating the representation of the field of view in accordance with the movement of the electronic device; identifying one or more first elements in the representation of the field of view that extend along the first direction; and, based at least in part on the determination of the one or more first elements, displaying, in the representation of the field of view, a first guide that extends in the first direction and that corresponds to one of the one or more first identified elements.

[0013] In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with one or more input devices, one or more display devices, and one or more cameras: The method includes displaying, via the one or more display devices, a user interface that includes a representation of a physical space. The method includes, while displaying the representation of the physical space, receiving a first set of one or more inputs to create a virtual annotation in the representation of the physical space. The method also includes, in response to receiving the first set of one or more inputs, adding a first virtual annotation to the representation of the physical space. The first virtual annotation is linked to a portion of the representation of the physical space. The method also includes, after adding the first virtual annotation to the representation of the physical space, receiving a second set of one or more inputs associated with the representation of the physical space. The method further includes, in response to receiving the second set of one or more inputs associated with the representation of the physical space: in accordance with a determination that the second set of one or more inputs corresponds to a request to create a virtual annotation in the representation of the physical space that is within a threshold distance from the first virtual annotation, creating a second virtual annotation in the representation of the physical space while maintaining the first virtual annotation in the representation of the physical space; and, in accordance with a determination that the second set of one or more inputs corresponds to a request to create a virtual annotation in the representation of the physical space that is outside of the threshold distance from the first virtual annotation, creating a second virtual annotation in the representation of the physical space and removing the first virtual annotation from the representation of the physical space.

[0014] In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with one or more input devices, one or more display devices, and one or more cameras. The method includes displaying, via the one or more display devices, an annotation placement user interface. The annotation placement user interface includes: a representation of a physical space; and a placement user interface element that indicates a location at which a virtual annotation will be placed in the representation of the physical space in response to detecting an annotation placement input. The method includes, while displaying the annotation placement user interface, detecting movement of at least one of the one or more cameras relative to the physical space. The movement of at least one of the one or more cameras starts while the placement user interface element is displayed at a location in the representation of the physical space that corresponds to a first portion of the physical space. The method includes, in response to detecting the movement of at least one of the one or more cameras relative to the physical space, moving the placement user interface element to a location in the representation of the physical space that corresponds to a second portion of the physical space that is different from the first portion of the physical space, and updating an appearance of the annotation placement user interface in accordance with the movement of at least one of the one or more cameras relative to the physical space, including: in accordance with a determination that the electronic device is unable to identify an object in the second portion of the physical space whose corresponding object in the representation of the physical space can be linked to a virtual annotation, ceasing to display at least a portion of the placement user interface element; and in accordance with a determination that the device has identified an object in the second portion of the physical space whose corresponding object in the representation of the physical space can be linked to a virtual annotation, maintaining display of the placement user interface element.

[0015] In accordance with some embodiments, a computer system (e.g., an electronic device) includes (and/or is in communication with) a display generation component (e.g., a display, a projector, a heads-up display, or the like), one or more cameras (e.g., video cameras that continuously provide a live preview of at least a portion of the contents that are within the field of view of the cameras and optionally generate video outputs including one or more streams of image frames capturing the contents within the field of view of the cameras), and one or more input devices (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface, such as a touch-sensitive remote control, or a touch-screen display that also serves as the display generation component, a mouse, a joystick, a wand controller, and/or cameras tracking the position of one or more features of the user such as the user’s hands), optionally one or more attitude sensors, optionally one or more sensors to detect intensities of contacts with the touch-sensitive surface, optionally one or more tactile output generators, one or more processors, and memory storing one or more programs; the one or more programs are configured to be executed by the one or more processors and the one or more programs include instructions for performing or causing performance of the operations of any of the methods described herein. In accordance with some embodiments, a computer readable storage medium has stored therein instructions, which, when executed by a computer system that includes (and/or is in communication with) a display generation component, one or more cameras, one or more input devices, optionally one or more attitude sensors, optionally one or more sensors to detect intensities of contacts with the touch-sensitive surface, and optionally one or more tactile output generators, cause the computer system to perform or cause performance of the operations of any of the methods described herein. In accordance with some embodiments, a graphical user interface on a computer system that includes (and/or is in communication with) a display generation component, one or more cameras, one or more input devices, optionally one or more attitude sensors, optionally one or more sensors to detect intensities of contacts with the touch-sensitive surface, optionally one or more tactile output generators, a memory, and one or more processors to execute one or more programs stored in the memory includes one or more of the elements displayed in any of the methods described herein, which are updated in response to inputs, as described in any of the methods described herein. In accordance with some embodiments, a computer system includes (and/or is in communication with) a display generation component, one or more cameras, one or more input devices, optionally one or more attitude sensors, optionally one or more sensors to detect intensities of contacts with the touch-sensitive surface, optionally one or more tactile output generators, and means for performing or causing performance of the operations of any of the methods described herein. In accordance with some embodiments, an information processing apparatus, for use in a computer system that includes (and/or is in communication with) a display generation component, one or more cameras, one or more input devices, optionally one or more attitude sensors, optionally one or more sensors to detect intensities of contacts with the touch-sensitive surface, and optionally one or more tactile output generators, includes means for performing or causing performance of the operations of any of the methods described herein.

[0016] Thus, computer systems that have (and/or are in communication with) a display generation component, one or more cameras, one or more input devices, optionally one or more attitude sensors, optionally one or more sensors to detect intensities of contacts with the touch-sensitive surface, and optionally one or more tactile output generators, are provided with improved methods and interfaces for measuring physical objects using virtual/augmented reality environments, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such computer systems. Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for measuring physical objects using virtual/augmented reality environments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] For a better understanding of the various described embodiments, reference should be made to the Description of Embodiments below, in conjunction with the following drawings in which like reference numerals refer to corresponding parts throughout the figures.

[0018] FIG. 1A is a block diagram illustrating a portable multifunction device with a touch-sensitive display in accordance with some embodiments.

[0019] FIG. 1B is a block diagram illustrating example components for event handling in accordance with some embodiments.

[0020] FIG. 1C is a block diagram illustrating a tactile output module in accordance with some embodiments.

[0021] FIG. 2 illustrates a portable multifunction device having a touch screen in accordance with some embodiments.

[0022] FIG. 3A is a block diagram of an example multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with some embodiments.

[0023] FIGS. 3B-3C are block diagrams of example computer systems in accordance with some embodiments.

[0024] FIG. 4A illustrates an example user interface for a menu of applications on a portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments.

[0025] FIG. 4B illustrates an example user interface for a multifunction device with a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display in accordance with some embodiments.

[0026] FIGS. 4C-4E illustrate examples of dynamic intensity thresholds in accordance with some embodiments.

[0027] FIGS. 4F-4K illustrate a set of sample tactile output patterns in accordance with some embodiments.

[0028] FIGS. 5A-5CO illustrate example user interfaces for making measurements of a physical space using an augmented reality environment in accordance with some embodiments.

[0029] FIGS. 6A-6C are flow diagrams of a process for interacting with an application for making measurements of a physical space using an augmented reality environment in accordance with some embodiments.

[0030] FIGS. 7A-7E are flow diagrams of a process for adding measurements to a displayed representation of a physical space in an augmented reality environment in accordance with some embodiments.

[0031] FIGS. 8A-8C are flow diagrams of a process for adding virtual measurement points at automatically determined anchor points in an augmented reality environment in accordance with some embodiments.

[0032] FIGS. 9A-9B are flow diagrams of a process for displaying labels for measurements of a physical space in an augmented reality environment in accordance with some embodiments.

[0033] FIGS. 10A-10B are flow diagrams of a process for measuring and interacting with rectangular areas in a physical space in an augmented reality environment in accordance with some embodiments.

[0034] FIGS. 11A-11B are flow diagrams of a process for interacting with and managing measurement information in an augmented reality environment in accordance with some embodiments.

[0035] FIGS. 12A-12C are flow diagrams of a process for providing automatically determined alignment guides in an augmented reality environment in accordance with some embodiments.

[0036] FIGS. 13A-13C are flow diagrams of a process for automatically removing previously-added virtual annotations in an augmented reality environment in accordance with some embodiments.

[0037] FIGS. 14A-14D are flow diagrams of a process for indicating whether objects in a physical space have been identified as objects whose corresponding representations in an augmented reality environment can be tracked in accordance with some embodiments.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

[0038] As noted above, augmented reality environments are useful for making measurements of physical spaces and objects therein, by providing a view of the physical space and enabling a user to superimpose measurements on the physical space and physical objects therein. Conventional methods of measuring with augmented reality environments are often limited in functionality. In some cases, conventional methods require multiple separate inputs (e.g., a sequence of gestures and button presses, etc.) to achieve an intended outcome (e.g., through activation of numerous displayed user interface elements to access different measurement functions). The embodiments disclosed herein provide an intuitive way for a user to make measurements with an augmented reality environment (e.g., by enabling the user to perform different operations in the augmented reality environment with fewer inputs, and/or by simplifying the user interface). Additionally, the embodiments herein provide improved visual and tactile feedback that provide additional information to the user about the physical objects being measured and about the operations being performed in the augmented reality environment.

[0039] The systems, methods, and GUIs described herein improve user interface interactions with virtual/augmented reality environments in multiple ways. For example, they make it easier to measure features in a physical space using an augmented reality environment, by providing automatic detection of features in the physical space, improved labeling, and alignment guides (e.g., for improved measurement point placement and area recognition), and by enabling the user to interact with and manage measurement information.

[0040] Below, FIGS. 1A-1B, 2, and 3A-3C provide a description of example devices. FIGS. 4A-4B and 5A-5CO illustrate example contexts and example user interfaces for making measurements of a physical space using an augmented reality environment. FIGS. 6A-6C illustrate a flow diagram of a method of interacting with an application for making measurements of a physical space using an augmented reality environment. FIGS. 7A-7E illustrate a flow diagram of a method of adding measurements to a displayed representation of a physical space in an augmented reality environment. FIGS. 8A-8C illustrate a flow diagram of a method of adding virtual measurement points at automatically determined anchor points in an augmented reality environment. FIGS. 9A-9B illustrate a flow diagram of a method of displaying labels for measurements of a physical space in an augmented reality environment. FIGS. 10A-10B illustrate a flow diagram of a method of measuring and interacting with rectangular areas in a physical space in an augmented reality environment. FIGS. 11A-11B illustrate a flow diagram of a method of interacting with and managing measurement information in an augmented reality environment. FIGS. 12A-12C illustrate a flow diagram of a method of providing automatically determined alignment guides in an augmented reality environment. FIGS. 13A-13C are flow diagrams of a process for automatically removing previously-added virtual annotations in an augmented reality environment. FIGS. 14A-14D are flow diagrams of a process for indicating whether objects in a physical space have been identified as objects whose corresponding representations in an augmented reality environment can be tracked. The user interfaces in FIGS. 5A-5CO are used to illustrate the processes in FIGS. 6A-6C, 7A-7E, 8A-8C, 9A-9B, 10A-10B, 11A-11B, 12A-12C, 13A-13C, and 14A-14D.

Example Devices

[0041] Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various described embodiments. However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the various described embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, circuits, and networks have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the embodiments.

[0042] It will also be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. are, in some instances, used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first contact could be termed a second contact, and, similarly, a second contact could be termed a first contact, without departing from the scope of the various described embodiments. The first contact and the second contact are both contacts, but they are not the same contact, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0043] The terminology used in the description of the various described embodiments herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used in the description of the various described embodiments and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “includes,” “including,” “comprises,” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

[0044] As used herein, the term “if” is, optionally, construed to mean “when” or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in response to detecting,” depending on the context. Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined” or “if [a stated condition or event] is detected” is, optionally, construed to mean “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “upon detecting [the stated condition or event]” or “in response to detecting [the stated condition or event],” depending on the context.

[0045] Computer systems for virtual/augmented reality include electronic devices that produce virtual/augmented reality environments. Embodiments of electronic devices, user interfaces for such devices, and associated processes for using such devices are described. In some embodiments, the device is a portable communications device, such as a mobile telephone, that also contains other functions, such as PDA and/or music player functions. Example embodiments of portable multifunction devices include, without limitation, the iPhone.RTM., iPod Touch.RTM., and iPad.RTM. devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. Other portable electronic devices, such as laptops or tablet computers with touch-sensitive surfaces (e.g., touch-screen displays and/or touchpads), are, optionally, used. It should also be understood that, in some embodiments, the device is not a portable communications device, but is a desktop computer with a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch-screen display and/or a touchpad) that also includes, or is in communication with, one or more cameras.

[0046] In the discussion that follows, a computer system that includes an electronic device that has (and/or is in communication with) a display and a touch-sensitive surface is described. It should be understood, however, that the computer system optionally includes one or more other physical user-interface devices, such as a physical keyboard, a mouse, a joystick, a wand controller, and/or cameras tracking the position of one or more features of the user such as the user’s hands.

[0047] The device typically supports a variety of applications, such as one or more of the following: a gaming application, a note taking application, a drawing application, a presentation application, a word processing application, a spreadsheet application, a telephone application, a video conferencing application, an e-mail application, an instant messaging application, a workout support application, a photo management application, a digital camera application, a digital video camera application, a web browsing application, a digital music player application, and/or a digital video player application.

[0048] The various applications that are executed on the device optionally use at least one common physical user-interface device, such as the touch-sensitive surface. One or more functions of the touch-sensitive surface as well as corresponding information displayed by the device are, optionally, adjusted and/or varied from one application to the next and/or within a respective application. In this way, a common physical architecture (such as the touch-sensitive surface) of the device optionally supports the variety of applications with user interfaces that are intuitive and transparent to the user.

[0049] Attention is now directed toward embodiments of portable devices with touch-sensitive displays. FIG. 1A is a block diagram illustrating portable multifunction device 100 with touch-sensitive display system 112 in accordance with some embodiments. Touch-sensitive display system 112 is sometimes called a “touch screen” for convenience, and is sometimes simply called a touch-sensitive display. Device 100 includes memory 102 (which optionally includes one or more computer readable storage mediums), memory controller 122, one or more processing units (CPUs) 120, peripherals interface 118, RF circuitry 108, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, microphone 113, input/output (I/O) subsystem 106, other input or control devices 116, and external port 124. Device 100 optionally includes one or more optical sensors 164 (e.g., as part of one or more cameras). Device 100 optionally includes one or more intensity sensors 165 for detecting intensities of contacts on device 100 (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitive display system 112 of device 100). Device 100 optionally includes one or more tactile output generators 163 for generating tactile outputs on device 100 (e.g., generating tactile outputs on a touch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitive display system 112 of device 100 or touchpad 355 of device 300). These components optionally communicate over one or more communication buses or signal lines 103.

[0050] As used in the specification and claims, the term “tactile output” refers to physical displacement of a device relative to a previous position of the device, physical displacement of a component (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface) of a device relative to another component (e.g., housing) of the device, or displacement of the component relative to a center of mass of the device that will be detected by a user with the user’s sense of touch. For example, in situations where the device or the component of the device is in contact with a surface of a user that is sensitive to touch (e.g., a finger, palm, or other part of a user’s hand), the tactile output generated by the physical displacement will be interpreted by the user as a tactile sensation corresponding to a perceived change in physical characteristics of the device or the component of the device. For example, movement of a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch-sensitive display or trackpad) is, optionally, interpreted by the user as a “down click” or “up click” of a physical actuator button. In some cases, a user will feel a tactile sensation such as an “down click” or “up click” even when there is no movement of a physical actuator button associated with the touch-sensitive surface that is physically pressed (e.g., displaced) by the user’s movements. As another example, movement of the touch-sensitive surface is, optionally, interpreted or sensed by the user as “roughness” of the touch-sensitive surface, even when there is no change in smoothness of the touch-sensitive surface. While such interpretations of touch by a user will be subject to the individualized sensory perceptions of the user, there are many sensory perceptions of touch that are common to a large majority of users. Thus, when a tactile output is described as corresponding to a particular sensory perception of a user (e.g., an “up click,” a “down click,” “roughness”), unless otherwise stated, the generated tactile output corresponds to physical displacement of the device or a component thereof that will generate the described sensory perception for a typical (or average) user. Using tactile outputs to provide haptic feedback to a user enhances the operability of the device and makes the user-device interface more efficient (e.g., by helping the user to provide proper inputs and reducing user mistakes when operating/interacting with the device) which, additionally, reduces power usage and improves battery life of the device by enabling the user to use the device more quickly and efficiently.

[0051] In some embodiments, a tactile output pattern specifies characteristics of a tactile output, such as the amplitude of the tactile output, the shape of a movement waveform of the tactile output, the frequency of the tactile output, and/or the duration of the tactile output.

[0052] When tactile outputs with different tactile output patterns are generated by a device (e.g., via one or more tactile output generators that move a moveable mass to generate tactile outputs), the tactile outputs may invoke different haptic sensations in a user holding or touching the device. While the sensation of the user is based on the user’s perception of the tactile output, most users will be able to identify changes in waveform, frequency, and amplitude of tactile outputs generated by the device. Thus, the waveform, frequency and amplitude can be adjusted to indicate to the user that different operations have been performed. As such, tactile outputs with tactile output patterns that are designed, selected, and/or engineered to simulate characteristics (e.g., size, material, weight, stiffness, smoothness, etc.); behaviors (e.g., oscillation, displacement, acceleration, rotation, expansion, etc.); and/or interactions (e.g., collision, adhesion, repulsion, attraction, friction, etc.) of objects in a given environment (e.g., a user interface that includes graphical features and objects, a simulated physical environment with virtual boundaries and virtual objects, a real physical environment with physical boundaries and physical objects, and/or a combination of any of the above) will, in some circumstances, provide helpful feedback to users that reduces input errors and increases the efficiency of the user’s operation of the device. Additionally, tactile outputs are, optionally, generated to correspond to feedback that is unrelated to a simulated physical characteristic, such as an input threshold or a selection of an object. Such tactile outputs will, in some circumstances, provide helpful feedback to users that reduces input errors and increases the efficiency of the user’s operation of the device.

[0053] In some embodiments, a tactile output with a suitable tactile output pattern serves as a cue for the occurrence of an event of interest in a user interface or behind the scenes in a device. Examples of the events of interest include activation of an affordance (e.g., a real or virtual button, or toggle switch) provided on the device or in a user interface, success or failure of a requested operation, reaching or crossing a boundary in a user interface, entry into a new state, switching of input focus between objects, activation of a new mode, reaching or crossing an input threshold, detection or recognition of a type of input or gesture, etc. In some embodiments, tactile outputs are provided to serve as a warning or an alert for an impending event or outcome that would occur unless a redirection or interruption input is timely detected. Tactile outputs are also used in other contexts to enrich the user experience, improve the accessibility of the device to users with visual or motor difficulties or other accessibility needs, and/or improve efficiency and functionality of the user interface and/or the device. Tactile outputs are optionally accompanied with audio outputs and/or visible user interface changes, which further enhance a user’s experience when the user interacts with a user interface and/or the device, and facilitate better conveyance of information regarding the state of the user interface and/or the device, and which reduce input errors and increase the efficiency of the user’s operation of the device.

[0054] FIGS. 4F-4H provide a set of sample tactile output patterns that may be used, either individually or in combination, either as is or through one or more transformations (e.g., modulation, amplification, truncation, etc.), to create suitable haptic feedback in various scenarios and for various purposes, such as those mentioned above and those described with respect to the user interfaces and methods discussed herein. This example of a palette of tactile outputs shows how a set of three waveforms and eight frequencies can be used to produce an array of tactile output patterns. In addition to the tactile output patterns shown in this figure, each of these tactile output patterns is optionally adjusted in amplitude by changing a gain value for the tactile output pattern, as shown, for example for FullTap 80 Hz, FullTap 200 Hz, MiniTap 80 Hz, MiniTap 200 Hz, MicroTap 80 Hz, and MicroTap 200 Hz in FIGS. 4I-4K, which are each shown with variants having a gain of 1.0, 0.75, 0.5, and 0.25. As shown in FIGS. 4I-4K, changing the gain of a tactile output pattern changes the amplitude of the pattern without changing the frequency of the pattern or changing the shape of the waveform. In some embodiments, changing the frequency of a tactile output pattern also results in a lower amplitude as some tactile output generators are limited by how much force can be applied to the moveable mass and thus higher frequency movements of the mass are constrained to lower amplitudes to ensure that the acceleration needed to create the waveform does not require force outside of an operational force range of the tactile output generator (e.g., the peak amplitudes of the FullTap at 230 Hz, 270 Hz, and 300 Hz are lower than the amplitudes of the FullTap at 80 Hz, 100 Hz, 125 Hz, and 200 Hz).

[0055] FIGS. 4F-4K show tactile output patterns that have a particular waveform. The waveform of a tactile output pattern represents the pattern of physical displacements relative to a neutral position (e.g., x.sub.zero) versus time that a moveable mass goes through to generate a tactile output with that tactile output pattern. For example, a first set of tactile output patterns shown in FIG. 4F (e.g., tactile output patterns of a “FullTap”) each have a waveform that includes an oscillation with two complete cycles (e.g., an oscillation that starts and ends in a neutral position and crosses the neutral position three times). A second set of tactile output patterns shown in FIG. 4G (e.g., tactile output patterns of a “MiniTap”) each have a waveform that includes an oscillation that includes one complete cycle (e.g., an oscillation that starts and ends in a neutral position and crosses the neutral position one time). A third set of tactile output patterns shown in FIG. 4H (e.g., tactile output patterns of a “MicroTap”) each have a waveform that includes an oscillation that include one half of a complete cycle (e.g., an oscillation that starts and ends in a neutral position and does not cross the neutral position). The waveform of a tactile output pattern also includes a start buffer and an end buffer that represent the gradual speeding up and slowing down of the moveable mass at the start and at the end of the tactile output. The example waveforms shown in FIGS. 4F-4K include x.sub.min and x.sub.max values which represent the maximum and minimum extent of movement of the moveable mass. For larger electronic devices with larger moveable masses, there may be larger or smaller minimum and maximum extents of movement of the mass. The examples shown in FIGS. 4F-4K describe movement of a mass in 1 dimension, however similar principles would also apply to movement of a moveable mass in two or three dimensions.

[0056] As shown in FIGS. 4F-4H, each tactile output pattern also has a corresponding characteristic frequency that affects the “pitch” of a haptic sensation that is felt by a user from a tactile output with that characteristic frequency. For a continuous tactile output, the characteristic frequency represents the number of cycles that are completed within a given period of time (e.g., cycles per second) by the moveable mass of the tactile output generator. For a discrete tactile output, a discrete output signal (e.g., with 0.5, 1, or 2 cycles) is generated, and the characteristic frequency value specifies how fast the moveable mass needs to move to generate a tactile output with that characteristic frequency. As shown in FIGS. 4F-4H, for each type of tactile output (e.g., as defined by a respective waveform, such as FullTap, MiniTap, or MicroTap), a higher frequency value corresponds to faster movement(s) by the moveable mass, and hence, in general, a shorter time to complete the tactile output (e.g., including the time to complete the required number of cycle(s) for the discrete tactile output, plus a start and an end buffer time). For example, a FullTap with a characteristic frequency of 80 Hz takes longer to complete than FullTap with a characteristic frequency of 100 Hz (e.g., 35.4 ms vs. 28.3 ms in FIG. 4F). In addition, for a given frequency, a tactile output with more cycles in its waveform at a respective frequency takes longer to complete than a tactile output with fewer cycles its waveform at the same respective frequency. For example, a FullTap at 150 Hz takes longer to complete than a MiniTap at 150 Hz (e.g., 19.4 ms vs. 12.8 ms), and a MiniTap at 150 Hz takes longer to complete than a MicroTap at 150 Hz (e.g., 12.8 ms vs. 9.4 ms). However, for tactile output patterns with different frequencies this rule may not apply (e.g., tactile outputs with more cycles but a higher frequency may take a shorter amount of time to complete than tactile outputs with fewer cycles but a lower frequency, and vice versa). For example, at 300 Hz, a FullTap takes as long as a MiniTap (e.g., 9.9 ms).

[0057] As shown in FIGS. 4F-4H, a tactile output pattern also has a characteristic amplitude that affects the amount of energy that is contained in a tactile signal, or a “strength” of a haptic sensation that may be felt by a user through a tactile output with that characteristic amplitude. In some embodiments, the characteristic amplitude of a tactile output pattern refers to an absolute or normalized value that represents the maximum displacement of the moveable mass from a neutral position when generating the tactile output. In some embodiments, the characteristic amplitude of a tactile output pattern is adjustable, e.g., by a fixed or dynamically determined gain factor (e.g., a value between 0 and 1), in accordance with various conditions (e.g., customized based on user interface contexts and behaviors) and/or preconfigured metrics (e.g., input-based metrics, and/or user-interface-based metrics). In some embodiments, an input-based metric (e.g., an intensity-change metric or an input-speed metric) measures a characteristic of an input (e.g., a rate of change of a characteristic intensity of a contact in a press input or a rate of movement of the contact across a touch-sensitive surface) during the input that triggers generation of a tactile output. In some embodiments, a user-interface-based metric (e.g., a speed-across-boundary metric) measures a characteristic of a user interface element (e.g., a speed of movement of the element across a hidden or visible boundary in a user interface) during the user interface change that triggers generation of the tactile output. In some embodiments, the characteristic amplitude of a tactile output pattern may be modulated by an “envelope” and the peaks of adjacent cycles may have different amplitudes, where one of the waveforms shown above is further modified by multiplication by an envelope parameter that changes over time (e.g., from 0 to 1) to gradually adjust amplitude of portions of the tactile output over time as the tactile output is being generated.

[0058] Although specific frequencies, amplitudes, and waveforms are represented in the sample tactile output patterns in FIGS. 4F-4H for illustrative purposes, tactile output patterns with other frequencies, amplitudes, and waveforms may be used for similar purposes. For example, waveforms that have between 0.5 to 4 cycles can be used. Other frequencies in the range of 60 Hz-400 Hz may be used as well.

[0059] It should be appreciated that device 100 is only one example of a portable multifunction device, and that device 100 optionally has more or fewer components than shown, optionally combines two or more components, or optionally has a different configuration or arrangement of the components. The various components shown in FIG. 1A are implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof, including one or more signal processing and/or application specific integrated circuits.

[0060] Memory 102 optionally includes high-speed random access memory and optionally also includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state memory devices. Access to memory 102 by other components of device 100, such as CPU(s) 120 and the peripherals interface 118, is, optionally, controlled by memory controller 122.

[0061] Peripherals interface 118 can be used to couple input and output peripherals of the device to CPU(s) 120 and memory 102. The one or more processors 120 run or execute various software programs and/or sets of instructions stored in memory 102 to perform various functions for device 100 and to process data.

[0062] In some embodiments, peripherals interface 118, CPU(s) 120, and memory controller 122 are, optionally, implemented on a single chip, such as chip 104. In some other embodiments, they are, optionally, implemented on separate chips.

[0063] RF (radio frequency) circuitry 108 receives and sends RF signals, also called electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry 108 converts electrical signals to/from electromagnetic signals and communicates with communications networks and other communications devices via the electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry 108 optionally includes well-known circuitry for performing these functions, including but not limited to an antenna system, an RF transceiver, one or more amplifiers, a tuner, one or more oscillators, a digital signal processor, a CODEC chipset, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory, and so forth. RF circuitry 108 optionally communicates with networks, such as the Internet, also referred to as the World Wide Web (WWW), an intranet and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN) and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices by wireless communication. The wireless communication optionally uses any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols and technologies, including but not limited to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA), Evolution, Data-Only (EV-DO), HSPA, HSPA+, Dual-Cell HSPA (DC-HSPA), long term evolution (LTE), near field communication (NFC), wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Bluetooth, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) (e.g., IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11ac, IEEE 802.11ax, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g and/or IEEE 802.11n), voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, a protocol for e-mail (e.g., Internet message access protocol (IMAP) and/or post office protocol (POP)), instant messaging (e.g., extensible messaging and presence protocol (XMPP), Session Initiation Protocol for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE), Instant Messaging and Presence Service (IMPS)), and/or Short Message Service (SMS), or any other suitable communication protocol, including communication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of this document.

[0064] Audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, and microphone 113 provide an audio interface between a user and device 100. Audio circuitry 110 receives audio data from peripherals interface 118, converts the audio data to an electrical signal, and transmits the electrical signal to speaker 111. Speaker 111 converts the electrical signal to human-audible sound waves. Audio circuitry 110 also receives electrical signals converted by microphone 113 from sound waves. Audio circuitry 110 converts the electrical signal to audio data and transmits the audio data to peripherals interface 118 for processing. Audio data is, optionally, retrieved from and/or transmitted to memory 102 and/or RF circuitry 108 by peripherals interface 118. In some embodiments, audio circuitry 110 also includes a headset jack (e.g., 212, FIG. 2). The headset jack provides an interface between audio circuitry 110 and removable audio input/output peripherals, such as output-only headphones or a headset with both output (e.g., a headphone for one or both ears) and input (e.g., a microphone).

[0065] I/O subsystem 106 couples input/output peripherals on device 100, such as touch-sensitive display system 112 and other input or control devices 116, with peripherals interface 118. I/O subsystem 106 optionally includes display controller 156, optical sensor controller 158, intensity sensor controller 159, haptic feedback controller 161, and one or more input controllers 160 for other input or control devices. The one or more input controllers 160 receive/send electrical signals from/to other input or control devices 116. The other input or control devices 116 optionally include physical buttons (e.g., push buttons, rocker buttons, etc.), dials, slider switches, joysticks, click wheels, and so forth. In some alternate embodiments, input controller(s) 160 are, optionally, coupled with any (or none) of the following: a keyboard, infrared port, USB port, stylus, and/or a pointer device such as a mouse. The one or more buttons (e.g., 208, FIG. 2) optionally include an up/down button for volume control of speaker 111 and/or microphone 113. The one or more buttons optionally include a push button (e.g., 206, FIG. 2).

[0066] Touch-sensitive display system 112 provides an input interface and an output interface between the device and a user. Display controller 156 receives and/or sends electrical signals from/to touch-sensitive display system 112. Touch-sensitive display system 112 displays visual output to the user. The visual output optionally includes graphics, text, icons, video, and any combination thereof (collectively termed “graphics”). In some embodiments, some or all of the visual output corresponds to user interface objects. As used herein, the term “affordance” refers to a user-interactive graphical user interface object (e.g., a graphical user interface object that is configured to respond to inputs directed toward the graphical user interface object). Examples of user-interactive graphical user interface objects include, without limitation, a button, slider, icon, selectable menu item, switch, hyperlink, or other user interface control.

[0067] Touch-sensitive display system 112 has a touch-sensitive surface, sensor or set of sensors that accepts input from the user based on haptic and/or tactile contact. Touch-sensitive display system 112 and display controller 156 (along with any associated modules and/or sets of instructions in memory 102) detect contact (and any movement or breaking of the contact) on touch-sensitive display system 112 and converts the detected contact into interaction with user-interface objects (e.g., one or more soft keys, icons, web pages or images) that are displayed on touch-sensitive display system 112. In some embodiments, a point of contact between touch-sensitive display system 112 and the user corresponds to a finger of the user or a stylus.

[0068] Touch-sensitive display system 112 optionally uses LCD (liquid crystal display) technology, LPD (light emitting polymer display) technology, or LED (light emitting diode) technology, although other display technologies are used in other embodiments. Touch-sensitive display system 112 and display controller 156 optionally detect contact and any movement or breaking thereof using any of a plurality of touch sensing technologies now known or later developed, including but not limited to capacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave technologies, as well as other proximity sensor arrays or other elements for determining one or more points of contact with touch-sensitive display system 112. In some embodiments, projected mutual capacitance sensing technology is used, such as that found in the iPhone.RTM., iPod Touch.RTM., and iPad.RTM. from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.

[0069] Touch-sensitive display system 112 optionally has a video resolution in excess of 100 dpi. In some embodiments, the touch screen video resolution is in excess of 400 dpi (e.g., 500 dpi, 800 dpi, or greater). The user optionally makes contact with touch-sensitive display system 112 using any suitable object or appendage, such as a stylus, a finger, and so forth. In some embodiments, the user interface is designed to work with finger-based contacts and gestures, which can be less precise than stylus-based input due to the larger area of contact of a finger on the touch screen. In some embodiments, the device translates the rough finger-based input into a precise pointer/cursor position or command for performing the actions desired by the user.

[0070] In some embodiments, in addition to the touch screen, device 100 optionally includes a touchpad (not shown) for activating or deactivating particular functions. In some embodiments, the touchpad is a touch-sensitive area of the device that, unlike the touch screen, does not display visual output. The touchpad is, optionally, a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from touch-sensitive display system 112 or an extension of the touch-sensitive surface formed by the touch screen.

[0071] Device 100 also includes power system 162 for powering the various components. Power system 162 optionally includes a power management system, one or more power sources (e.g., battery, alternating current (AC)), a recharging system, a power failure detection circuit, a power converter or inverter, a power status indicator (e.g., a light-emitting diode (LED)) and any other components associated with the generation, management and distribution of power in portable devices.

[0072] Device 100 optionally also includes one or more optical sensors 164 (e.g., as part of one or more cameras). FIG. 1A shows an optical sensor coupled with optical sensor controller 158 in I/O subsystem 106. Optical sensor(s) 164 optionally include charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) phototransistors. Optical sensor(s) 164 receive light from the environment, projected through one or more lens, and converts the light to data representing an image. In conjunction with imaging module 143 (also called a camera module), optical sensor(s) 164 optionally capture still images and/or video. In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located on the back of device 100, opposite touch-sensitive display system 112 on the front of the device, so that the touch screen is enabled for use as a viewfinder for still and/or video image acquisition. In some embodiments, another optical sensor is located on the front of the device so that the user’s image is obtained (e.g., for selfies, for videoconferencing while the user views the other video conference participants on the touch screen, etc.).

[0073] Device 100 optionally also includes one or more contact intensity sensors 165. FIG. 1A shows a contact intensity sensor coupled with intensity sensor controller 159 in I/O subsystem 106. Contact intensity sensor(s) 165 optionally include one or more piezoresistive strain gauges, capacitive force sensors, electric force sensors, piezoelectric force sensors, optical force sensors, capacitive touch-sensitive surfaces, or other intensity sensors (e.g., sensors used to measure the force (or pressure) of a contact on a touch-sensitive surface). Contact intensity sensor(s) 165 receive contact intensity information (e.g., pressure information or a proxy for pressure information) from the environment. In some embodiments, at least one contact intensity sensor is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive display system 112). In some embodiments, at least one contact intensity sensor is located on the back of device 100, opposite touch-screen display system 112 which is located on the front of device 100.

[0074] Device 100 optionally also includes one or more proximity sensors 166. FIG. 1A shows proximity sensor 166 coupled with peripherals interface 118. Alternately, proximity sensor 166 is coupled with input controller 160 in I/O subsystem 106. In some embodiments, the proximity sensor turns off and disables touch-sensitive display system 112 when the multifunction device is placed near the user’s ear (e.g., when the user is making a phone call).

[0075] Device 100 optionally also includes one or more tactile output generators 163. FIG. 1A shows a tactile output generator coupled with haptic feedback controller 161 in I/O subsystem 106. In some embodiments, tactile output generator(s) 163 include one or more electroacoustic devices such as speakers or other audio components and/or electromechanical devices that convert energy into linear motion such as a motor, solenoid, electroactive polymer, piezoelectric actuator, electrostatic actuator, or other tactile output generating component (e.g., a component that converts electrical signals into tactile outputs on the device). Tactile output generator(s) 163 receive tactile feedback generation instructions from haptic feedback module 133 and generates tactile outputs on device 100 that are capable of being sensed by a user of device 100. In some embodiments, at least one tactile output generator is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive display system 112) and, optionally, generates a tactile output by moving the touch-sensitive surface vertically (e.g., in/out of a surface of device 100) or laterally (e.g., back and forth in the same plane as a surface of device 100). In some embodiments, at least one tactile output generator sensor is located on the back of device 100, opposite touch-sensitive display system 112, which is located on the front of device 100.

[0076] Device 100 optionally also includes one or more accelerometers 167, gyroscopes 168, and/or magnetometers 169 (e.g., as part of an inertial measurement unit (IMU)) for obtaining information concerning the position (e.g., attitude) of the device. FIG. 1A shows sensors 167, 168, and 169 coupled with peripherals interface 118. Alternately, sensors 167, 168, and 169 are, optionally, coupled with an input controller 160 in I/O subsystem 106. In some embodiments, information is displayed on the touch-screen display in a portrait view or a landscape view based on an analysis of data received from the one or more accelerometers. Device 100 optionally includes a GPS (or GLONASS or other global navigation system) receiver (not shown) for obtaining information concerning the location of device 100.

[0077] In some embodiments, the software components stored in memory 102 include operating system 126, communication module (or set of instructions) 128, contact/motion module (or set of instructions) 130, graphics module (or set of instructions) 132, haptic feedback module (or set of instructions) 133, text input module (or set of instructions) 134, Global Positioning System (GPS) module (or set of instructions) 135, and applications (or sets of instructions) 136. Furthermore, in some embodiments, memory 102 stores device/global internal state 157, as shown in FIGS. 1A and 3. Device/global internal state 157 includes one or more of: active application state, indicating which applications, if any, are currently active; display state, indicating what applications, views or other information occupy various regions of touch-sensitive display system 112; sensor state, including information obtained from the device’s various sensors and other input or control devices 116; and location and/or positional information concerning the device’s location and/or attitude.

[0078] Operating system 126 (e.g., iOS, Android, Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, OS X, WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks) includes various software components and/or drivers for controlling and managing general system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control, power management, etc.) and facilitates communication between various hardware and software components.

[0079] Communication module 128 facilitates communication with other devices over one or more external ports 124 and also includes various software components for handling data received by RF circuitry 108 and/or external port 124. External port 124 (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, etc.) is adapted for coupling directly to other devices or indirectly over a network (e.g., the Internet, wireless LAN, etc.). In some embodiments, the external port is a multi-pin (e.g., 30-pin) connector that is the same as, or similar to and/or compatible with the 30-pin connector used in some iPhone.RTM., iPod Touch.RTM., and iPad.RTM. devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. In some embodiments, the external port is a Lightning connector that is the same as, or similar to and/or compatible with the Lightning connector used in some iPhone.RTM., iPod Touch.RTM., and iPad.RTM. devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. In some embodiments, the external port is a USB Type-C connector that is the same as, or similar to and/or compatible with the USB Type-C connector used in some electronic devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.

[0080] Contact/motion module 130 optionally detects contact with touch-sensitive display system 112 (in conjunction with display controller 156) and other touch-sensitive devices (e.g., a touchpad or physical click wheel). Contact/motion module 130 includes various software components for performing various operations related to detection of contact (e.g., by a finger or by a stylus), such as determining if contact has occurred (e.g., detecting a finger-down event), determining an intensity of the contact (e.g., the force or pressure of the contact or a substitute for the force or pressure of the contact), determining if there is movement of the contact and tracking the movement across the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., detecting one or more finger-dragging events), and determining if the contact has ceased (e.g., detecting a finger-up event or a break in contact). Contact/motion module 130 receives contact data from the touch-sensitive surface. Determining movement of the point of contact, which is represented by a series of contact data, optionally includes determining speed (magnitude), velocity (magnitude and direction), and/or an acceleration (a change in magnitude and/or direction) of the point of contact. These operations are, optionally, applied to single contacts (e.g., one finger contacts or stylus contacts) or to multiple simultaneous contacts (e.g., “multitouch”/multiple finger contacts). In some embodiments, contact/motion module 130 and display controller 156 detect contact on a touchpad.

[0081] Contact/motion module 130 optionally detects a gesture input by a user. Different gestures on the touch-sensitive surface have different contact patterns (e.g., different motions, timings, and/or intensities of detected contacts). Thus, a gesture is, optionally, detected by detecting a particular contact pattern. For example, detecting a finger tap gesture includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting a finger-up (lift off) event at the same position (or substantially the same position) as the finger-down event (e.g., at the position of an icon). As another example, detecting a finger swipe gesture on the touch-sensitive surface includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting one or more finger-dragging events, and subsequently followed by detecting a finger-up (lift off) event. Similarly, tap, swipe, drag, and other gestures are optionally detected for a stylus by detecting a particular contact pattern for the stylus.

[0082] In some embodiments, detecting a finger tap gesture depends on the length of time between detecting the finger-down event and the finger-up event, but is independent of the intensity of the finger contact between detecting the finger-down event and the finger-up event. In some embodiments, a tap gesture is detected in accordance with a determination that the length of time between the finger-down event and the finger-up event is less than a predetermined value (e.g., less than 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 or 0.5 seconds), independent of whether the intensity of the finger contact during the tap meets a given intensity threshold (greater than a nominal contact-detection intensity threshold), such as a light press or deep press intensity threshold. Thus, a finger tap gesture can satisfy particular input criteria that do not require that the characteristic intensity of a contact satisfy a given intensity threshold in order for the particular input criteria to be met. For clarity, the finger contact in a tap gesture typically needs to satisfy a nominal contact-detection intensity threshold, below which the contact is not detected, in order for the finger-down event to be detected. A similar analysis applies to detecting a tap gesture by a stylus or other contact. In cases where the device is capable of detecting a finger or stylus contact hovering over a touch sensitive surface, the nominal contact-detection intensity threshold optionally does not correspond to physical contact between the finger or stylus and the touch sensitive surface.

[0083] The same concepts apply in an analogous manner to other types of gestures. For example, a swipe gesture, a pinch gesture, a depinch gesture, and/or a long press gesture are optionally detected based on the satisfaction of criteria that are either independent of intensities of contacts included in the gesture, or do not require that contact(s) that perform the gesture reach intensity thresholds in order to be recognized. For example, a swipe gesture is detected based on an amount of movement of one or more contacts; a pinch gesture is detected based on movement of two or more contacts towards each other; a depinch gesture is detected based on movement of two or more contacts away from each other; and a long press gesture is detected based on a duration of the contact on the touch-sensitive surface with less than a threshold amount of movement. As such, the statement that particular gesture recognition criteria do not require that the intensity of the contact(s) meet a respective intensity threshold in order for the particular gesture recognition criteria to be met means that the particular gesture recognition criteria are capable of being satisfied if the contact(s) in the gesture do not reach the respective intensity threshold, and are also capable of being satisfied in circumstances where one or more of the contacts in the gesture do reach or exceed the respective intensity threshold. In some embodiments, a tap gesture is detected based on a determination that the finger-down and finger-up event are detected within a predefined time period, without regard to whether the contact is above or below the respective intensity threshold during the predefined time period, and a swipe gesture is detected based on a determination that the contact movement is greater than a predefined magnitude, even if the contact is above the respective intensity threshold at the end of the contact movement. Even in implementations where detection of a gesture is influenced by the intensity of contacts performing the gesture (e.g., the device detects a long press more quickly when the intensity of the contact is above an intensity threshold or delays detection of a tap input when the intensity of the contact is higher), the detection of those gestures does not require that the contacts reach a particular intensity threshold so long as the criteria for recognizing the gesture can be met in circumstances where the contact does not reach the particular intensity threshold (e.g., even if the amount of time that it takes to recognize the gesture changes).

[0084] Contact intensity thresholds, duration thresholds, and movement thresholds are, in some circumstances, combined in a variety of different combinations in order to create heuristics for distinguishing two or more different gestures directed to the same input element or region so that multiple different interactions with the same input element are enabled to provide a richer set of user interactions and responses. The statement that a particular set of gesture recognition criteria do not require that the intensity of the contact(s) meet a respective intensity threshold in order for the particular gesture recognition criteria to be met does not preclude the concurrent evaluation of other intensity-dependent gesture recognition criteria to identify other gestures that do have criteria that are met when a gesture includes a contact with an intensity above the respective intensity threshold. For example, in some circumstances, first gesture recognition criteria for a first gesture–which do not require that the intensity of the contact(s) meet a respective intensity threshold in order for the first gesture recognition criteria to be met–are in competition with second gesture recognition criteria for a second gesture–which are dependent on the contact(s) reaching the respective intensity threshold. In such competitions, the gesture is, optionally, not recognized as meeting the first gesture recognition criteria for the first gesture if the second gesture recognition criteria for the second gesture are met first. For example, if a contact reaches the respective intensity threshold before the contact moves by a predefined amount of movement, a deep press gesture is detected rather than a swipe gesture. Conversely, if the contact moves by the predefined amount of movement before the contact reaches the respective intensity threshold, a swipe gesture is detected rather than a deep press gesture. Even in such circumstances, the first gesture recognition criteria for the first gesture still do not require that the intensity of the contact(s) meet a respective intensity threshold in order for the first gesture recognition criteria to be met because if the contact stayed below the respective intensity threshold until an end of the gesture (e.g., a swipe gesture with a contact that does not increase to an intensity above the respective intensity threshold), the gesture would have been recognized by the first gesture recognition criteria as a swipe gesture. As such, particular gesture recognition criteria that do not require that the intensity of the contact(s) meet a respective intensity threshold in order for the particular gesture recognition criteria to be met will (A) in some circumstances ignore the intensity of the contact with respect to the intensity threshold (e.g. for a tap gesture) and/or (B) in some circumstances still be dependent on the intensity of the contact with respect to the intensity threshold in the sense that the particular gesture recognition criteria (e.g., for a long press gesture) will fail if a competing set of intensity-dependent gesture recognition criteria (e.g., for a deep press gesture) recognize an input as corresponding to an intensity-dependent gesture before the particular gesture recognition criteria recognize a gesture corresponding to the input (e.g., for a long press gesture that is competing with a deep press gesture for recognition).

[0085] Attitude module 131, in conjunction with accelerometers 167, gyroscopes 168, and/or magnetometers 169, optionally detects attitude information concerning the device, such as the device’s attitude (e.g., roll, pitch, and/or yaw) in a particular frame of reference. Attitude module 131 includes software components for performing various operations related to detecting the position of the device and detecting changes to the attitude of the device.

[0086] Graphics module 132 includes various known software components for rendering and displaying graphics on touch-sensitive display system 112 or other display, including components for changing the visual impact (e.g., brightness, transparency, saturation, contrast or other visual property) of graphics that are displayed. As used herein, the term “graphics” includes any object that can be displayed to a user, including without limitation text, web pages, icons (such as user-interface objects including soft keys), digital images, videos, animations and the like.

[0087] In some embodiments, graphics module 132 stores data representing graphics to be used. Each graphic is, optionally, assigned a corresponding code. Graphics module 132 receives, from applications etc., one or more codes specifying graphics to be displayed along with, if necessary, coordinate data and other graphic property data, and then generates screen image data to output to display controller 156.

[0088] Haptic feedback module 133 includes various software components for generating instructions (e.g., instructions used by haptic feedback controller 161) to produce tactile outputs using tactile output generator(s) 163 at one or more locations on device 100 in response to user interactions with device 100.

[0089] Text input module 134, which is, optionally, a component of graphics module 132, provides soft keyboards for entering text in various applications (e.g., contacts 137, e-mail 140, IM 141, browser 147, and any other application that needs text input).

[0090] GPS module 135 determines the location of the device and provides this information for use in various applications (e.g., to telephone 138 for use in location-based dialing, to camera 143 as picture/video metadata, and to applications that provide location-based services such as weather widgets, local yellow page widgets, and map/navigation widgets).

[0091] Virtual/augmented reality module 145 provides virtual and/or augmented reality logic to applications 136 that implement augmented reality, and in some embodiments virtual reality, features. Virtual/augmented reality module 145 facilitates superposition of virtual content, such as a virtual user interface object (e.g., a virtual measuring tape for making augmented reality-based measurements), on a representation of at least a portion of a field of view of the one or more cameras. For example, with assistance from the virtual/augmented reality module 145, the representation of at least a portion of a field of view of the one or more cameras may include a respective physical object and the virtual user interface object may be displayed at a location, in a displayed augmented reality environment, that is determined based on the respective physical object in the field of view of the one or more cameras or a virtual reality environment that is determined based on the attitude of at least a portion of a computer system (e.g., an attitude of a display device that is used to display the user interface to a user of the computer system).

[0092] Applications 136 optionally include the following modules (or sets of instructions), or a subset or superset thereof: [0093] contacts module 137 (sometimes called an address book or contact list); [0094] telephone module 138; [0095] video conferencing module 139; [0096] e-mail client module 140; [0097] instant messaging (IM) module 141; [0098] workout support module 142; [0099] camera module 143 for still and/or video images; [0100] image management module 144; [0101] browser module 147; [0102] calendar module 148; [0103] widget modules 149, which optionally include one or more of: weather widget 149-1, stocks widget 149-2, calculator widget 149-3, alarm clock widget 149-4, dictionary widget 149-5, and other widgets obtained by the user, as well as user-created widgets 149-6; [0104] widget creator module 150 for making user-created widgets 149-6; [0105] search module 151; [0106] video and music player module 152, which is, optionally, made up of a video player module and a music player module; [0107] notes module 153; [0108] map module 154; and/or [0109] measurement module 155.

[0110] Examples of other applications 136 that are, optionally, stored in memory 102 include other word processing applications, other image editing applications, drawing applications, presentation applications, JAVA-enabled applications, encryption, digital rights management, voice recognition, and voice replication.

[0111] In conjunction with touch-sensitive display system 112, display controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, contacts module 137 includes executable instructions to manage an address book or contact list (e.g., stored in application internal state 192 of contacts module 137 in memory 102 or memory 370), including: adding name(s) to the address book; deleting name(s) from the address book; associating telephone number(s), e-mail address(es), physical address(es) or other information with a name; associating an image with a name; categorizing and sorting names; providing telephone numbers and/or e-mail addresses to initiate and/or facilitate communications by telephone 138, video conference 139, e-mail 140, or IM 141; and so forth.

[0112] In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, microphone 113, touch-sensitive display system 112, display controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, telephone module 138 includes executable instructions to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to a telephone number, access one or more telephone numbers in address book 137, modify a telephone number that has been entered, dial a respective telephone number, conduct a conversation and disconnect or hang up when the conversation is completed. As noted above, the wireless communication optionally uses any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols and technologies.

[0113] In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, microphone 113, touch-sensitive display system 112, display controller 156, optical sensor(s) 164, optical sensor controller 158, contact module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, contact list 137, and telephone module 138, videoconferencing module 139 includes executable instructions to initiate, conduct, and terminate a video conference between a user and one or more other participants in accordance with user instructions.

[0114] In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch-sensitive display system 112, display controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, e-mail client module 140 includes executable instructions to create, send, receive, and manage e-mail in response to user instructions. In conjunction with image management module 144, e-mail client module 140 makes it very easy to create and send e-mails with still or video images taken with camera module 143.

[0115] In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch-sensitive display system 112, display controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, the instant messaging module 141 includes executable instructions to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to an instant message, to modify previously entered characters, to transmit a respective instant message (for example, using a Short Message Service (SMS) or Multimedia Message Service (MMS) protocol for telephony-based instant messages or using XMPP, SIMPLE, Apple Push Notification Service (APNs) or IMPS for Internet-based instant messages), to receive instant messages, and to view received instant messages. In some embodiments, transmitted and/or received instant messages optionally include graphics, photos, audio files, video files and/or other attachments as are supported in a MMS and/or an Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS). As used herein, “instant messaging” refers to both telephony-based messages (e.g., messages sent using SMS or MMS) and Internet-based messages (e.g., messages sent using XMPP, SIMPLE, APNs, or IMPS).

[0116] In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch-sensitive display system 112, display controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, GPS module 135, map module 154, and video and music player module 152, workout support module 142 includes executable instructions to create workouts (e.g., with time, distance, and/or calorie burning goals); communicate with workout sensors (in sports devices and smart watches); receive workout sensor data; calibrate sensors used to monitor a workout; select and play music for a workout; and display, store and transmit workout data.

[0117] In conjunction with touch-sensitive display system 112, display controller 156, optical sensor(s) 164, optical sensor controller 158, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and image management module 144, camera module 143 includes executable instructions to capture still images or video (including a video stream) and store them into memory 102, modify characteristics of a still image or video, and/or delete a still image or video from memory 102.

[0118] In conjunction with touch-sensitive display system 112, display controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, and camera module 143, image management module 144 includes executable instructions to arrange, modify (e.g., edit), or otherwise manipulate, label, delete, present (e.g., in a digital slide show or album), and store still and/or video images.

[0119] In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch-sensitive display system 112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, browser module 147 includes executable instructions to browse the Internet in accordance with user instructions, including searching, linking to, receiving, and displaying web pages or portions thereof, as well as attachments and other files linked to web pages.

[0120] In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch-sensitive display system 112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, e-mail client module 140, and browser module 147, calendar module 148 includes executable instructions to create, display, modify, and store calendars and data associated with calendars (e.g., calendar entries, to do lists, etc.) in accordance with user instructions.

[0121] In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch-sensitive display system 112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, and browser module 147, widget modules 149 are mini-applications that are, optionally, downloaded and used by a user (e.g., weather widget 149-1, stocks widget 149-2, calculator widget 149-3, alarm clock widget 149-4, and dictionary widget 149-5) or created by the user (e.g., user-created widget 149-6). In some embodiments, a widget includes an HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) file, a CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) file, and a JavaScript file. In some embodiments, a widget includes an XML (Extensible Markup Language) file and a JavaScript file (e.g., Yahoo! Widgets).

[0122] In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch-sensitive display system 112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, and browser module 147, the widget creator module 150 includes executable instructions to create widgets (e.g., turning a user-specified portion of a web page into a widget).

[0123] In conjunction with touch-sensitive display system 112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, search module 151 includes executable instructions to search for text, music, sound, image, video, and/or other files in memory 102 that match one or more search criteria (e.g., one or more user-specified search terms) in accordance with user instructions.

[0124] In conjunction with touch-sensitive display system 112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, RF circuitry 108, and browser module 147, video and music player module 152 includes executable instructions that allow the user to download and play back recorded music and other sound files stored in one or more file formats, such as MP3 or AAC files, and executable instructions to display, present or otherwise play back videos (e.g., on touch-sensitive display system 112, or on an external display connected wirelessly or via external port 124). In some embodiments, device 100 optionally includes the functionality of an MP3 player, such as an iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.).

[0125] In conjunction with touch-sensitive display system 112, display controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, notes module 153 includes executable instructions to create and manage notes, to do lists, and the like in accordance with user instructions.

[0126] In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch-sensitive display system 112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, GPS module 135, and browser module 147, map module 154 includes executable instructions to receive, display, modify, and store maps and data associated with maps (e.g., driving directions; data on stores and other points of interest at or near a particular location; and other location-based data) in accordance with user instructions.

[0127] In conjunction with touch-sensitive display system 112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and virtual/augmented reality module 145, measurement module 155 includes executable instructions that allow the user to measure physical spaces and/or objects therein in an augmented reality environment, as described in more detail herein.

[0128] Each of the above identified modules and applications correspond to a set of executable instructions for performing one or more functions described above and the methods described in this application (e.g., the computer-implemented methods and other information processing methods described herein). These modules (i.e., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules are, optionally, combined or otherwise re-arranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, memory 102 optionally stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory 102 optionally stores additional modules and data structures not described above.

[0129] In some embodiments, device 100 is a device where operation of a predefined set of functions on the device is performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad. By using a touch screen and/or a touchpad as the primary input control device for operation of device 100, the number of physical input control devices (such as push buttons, dials, and the like) on device 100 is, optionally, reduced.

[0130] The predefined set of functions that are performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad optionally include navigation between user interfaces. In some embodiments, the touchpad, when touched by the user, navigates device 100 to a main, home, or root menu from any user interface that is displayed on device 100. In such embodiments, a “menu button” is implemented using a touch-sensitive surface. In some other embodiments, the menu button is a physical push button or other physical input control device instead of a touch-sensitive surface.

[0131] FIG. 1B is a block diagram illustrating example components for event handling in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, memory 102 (in FIG. 1A) or 370 (FIG. 3A) includes event sorter 170 (e.g., in operating system 126) and a respective application 136-1 (e.g., any of the aforementioned applications 136, 137-155, 380-390).

[0132] Event sorter 170 receives event information and determines the application 136-1 and application view 191 of application 136-1 to which to deliver the event information. Event sorter 170 includes event monitor 171 and event dispatcher module 174. In some embodiments, application 136-1 includes application internal state 192, which indicates the current application view(s) displayed on touch-sensitive display system 112 when the application is active or executing. In some embodiments, device/global internal state 157 is used by event sorter 170 to determine which application(s) is (are) currently active, and application internal state 192 is used by event sorter 170 to determine application views 191 to which to deliver event information.

[0133] In some embodiments, application internal state 192 includes additional information, such as one or more of: resume information to be used when application 136-1 resumes execution, user interface state information that indicates information being displayed or that is ready for display by application 136-1, a state queue for enabling the user to go back to a prior state or view of application 136-1, and a redo/undo queue of previous actions taken by the user.

[0134] Event monitor 171 receives event information from peripherals interface 118. Event information includes information about a sub-event (e.g., a user touch on touch-sensitive display system 112, as part of a multi-touch gesture). Peripherals interface 118 transmits information it receives from I/O subsystem 106 or a sensor, such as proximity sensor 166, accelerometer(s) 167, and/or microphone 113 (through audio circuitry 110). Information that peripherals interface 118 receives from I/O subsystem 106 includes information from touch-sensitive display system 112 or a touch-sensitive surface.

[0135] In some embodiments, event monitor 171 sends requests to the peripherals interface 118 at predetermined intervals. In response, peripherals interface 118 transmits event information. In other embodiments, peripheral interface 118 transmits event information only when there is a significant event (e.g., receiving an input above a predetermined noise threshold and/or for more than a predetermined duration).

[0136] In some embodiments, event sorter 170 also includes a hit view determination module 172 and/or an active event recognizer determination module 173.

[0137] Hit view determination module 172 provides software procedures for determining where a sub-event has taken place within one or more views, when touch-sensitive display system 112 displays more than one view. Views are made up of controls and other elements that a user can see on the display.

[0138] Another aspect of the user interface associated with an application is a set of views, sometimes herein called application views or user interface windows, in which information is displayed and touch-based gestures occur. The application views (of a respective application) in which a touch is detected optionally correspond to programmatic levels within a programmatic or view hierarchy of the application. For example, the lowest level view in which a touch is detected is, optionally, called the hit view, and the set of events that are recognized as proper inputs are, optionally, determined based, at least in part, on the hit view of the initial touch that begins a touch-based gesture.

[0139] Hit view determination module 172 receives information related to sub-events of a touch-based gesture. When an application has multiple views organized in a hierarchy, hit view determination module 172 identifies a hit view as the lowest view in the hierarchy which should handle the sub-event. In most circumstances, the hit view is the lowest level view in which an initiating sub-event occurs (i.e., the first sub-event in the sequence of sub-events that form an event or potential event). Once the hit view is identified by the hit view determination module, the hit view typically receives all sub-events related to the same touch or input source for which it was identified as the hit view.

[0140] Active event recognizer determination module 173 determines which view or views within a view hierarchy should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In some embodiments, active event recognizer determination module 173 determines that only the hit view should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, active event recognizer determination module 173 determines that all views that include the physical location of a sub-event are actively involved views, and therefore determines that all actively involved views should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, even if touch sub-events were entirely confined to the area associated with one particular view, views higher in the hierarchy would still remain as actively involved views.

[0141] Event dispatcher module 174 dispatches the event information to an event recognizer (e.g., event recognizer 180). In embodiments including active event recognizer determination module 173, event dispatcher module 174 delivers the event information to an event recognizer determined by active event recognizer determination module 173. In some embodiments, event dispatcher module 174 stores in an event queue the event information, which is retrieved by a respective event receiver module 182.

[0142] In some embodiments, operating system 126 includes event sorter 170. Alternatively, application 136-1 includes event sorter 170. In yet other embodiments, event sorter 170 is a stand-alone module, or a part of another module stored in memory 102, such as contact/motion module 130.

[0143] In some embodiments, application 136-1 includes a plurality of event handlers 190 and one or more application views 191, each of which includes instructions for handling touch events that occur within a respective view of the application’s user interface. Each application view 191 of the application 136-1 includes one or more event recognizers 180. Typically, a respective application view 191 includes a plurality of event recognizers 180. In other embodiments, one or more of event recognizers 180 are part of a separate module, such as a user interface kit (not shown) or a higher level object from which application 136-1 inherits methods and other properties. In some embodiments, a respective event handler 190 includes one or more of: data updater 176, object updater 177, GUI updater 178, and/or event data 179 received from event sorter 170. Event handler 190 optionally utilizes or calls data updater 176, object updater 177 or GUI updater 178 to update the application internal state 192. Alternatively, one or more of the application views 191 includes one or more respective event handlers 190. Also, in some embodiments, one or more of data updater 176, object updater 177, and GUI updater 178 are included in a respective application view 191.

[0144] A respective event recognizer 180 receives event information (e.g., event data 179) from event sorter 170, and identifies an event from the event information. Event recognizer 180 includes event receiver 182 and event comparator 184. In some embodiments, event recognizer 180 also includes at least a subset of: metadata 183, and event delivery instructions 188 (which optionally include sub-event delivery instructions).

[0145] Event receiver 182 receives event information from event sorter 170. The event information includes information about a sub-event, for example, a touch or a touch movement. Depending on the sub-event, the event information also includes additional information, such as location of the sub-event. When the sub-event concerns motion of a touch, the event information optionally also includes speed and direction of the sub-event. In some embodiments, events include rotation of the device from one orientation to another (e.g., from a portrait orientation to a landscape orientation, or vice versa), and the event information includes corresponding information about the current orientation (also called device attitude) of the device.

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