Sony Patent | Collision Detection And Avoidance

Patent: Collision Detection And Avoidance

Publication Number: 20200372815

Publication Date: 20201126

Applicants: Sony

Abstract

A collision avoidance system for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) receives physical space data for a flight area and creates a virtual world model to represent the flight area by mapping the physical space data with a physics engine. The automatic collision avoidance system creates a virtual UAV model to represent the UAV in the virtual world model. The automatic collision avoidance system receives flight data for the UAV and determines a current position of the virtual UAV model within the virtual world model. The automatic collision avoidance system determines a predicted trajectory of the virtual UAV model within the virtual world model, and determines whether the predicted trajectory will result in a collision of the virtual UAV model with the virtual world model. The automatic collision avoidance system performs evasive actions by the UAV, in response to determining that the predicted trajectory will result in a collision.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application is a continuation and claims the priority benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/394,267 filed Dec. 29, 2016, which claims the priority benefit of provisional patent application No. 62/402,747 filed Sep. 30, 2016. The aforementioned applications are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0002] This application is related to U.S. provisional patent application No. 62/402,752 filed Sep. 30, 2016, and U.S. provisional patent application No. 62/402,737 filed Sep. 30, 2016, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Field of the Invention

[0003] This application relates to remote controlled piloting, and more particularly to a system and method for collision detection and avoidance for unmanned aerial vehicles.

Description of the Related Art

[0004] An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a drone or quadricopter, or by several other names, is an aircraft without a human pilot aboard. The flight of UAVs may operate with various degrees of autonomy: either under remote control by a human operator, or fully or intermittently autonomously, by onboard computers.

[0005] Drones may be used for racing games or competition that consist in following a path that is defined like a slalom by single or double gates or posts, and by a finish line. In order to win the race, it is essential to go fast. And in order to save time, it is necessary to turn around the posts as closely as possible while conserving a maximum amount of kinetic energy, i.e. while traveling relatively fast. Outside of racing, drones can also perform advanced aerial maneuvers such as loops, split-s, Immelmann, barrel rolls, figure eights, etc.

[0006] With present drones, these maneuvers require the user to be skilled and experienced because the mode of piloting requires the user to use several different controls in combination in order to perform these maneuvers. In addition, drones are often flown in the vicinity of various natural and manmade obstacles, of which the drones may crash into.

[0007] Drones are both expensive and fragile. A collision, even at low speeds, can cause serious damage or complete destruction to the drone, from the initial impact or from the subsequent impact with the ground. Even an experienced pilot, when performing high risk maneuvers, will put a drone in danger of collision.

SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTLY CLAIMED INVENTION

[0008] The following presents a simplified summary of one or more embodiments in order to provide a basic understanding of present technology. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated embodiments of the present technology, and is intended to neither identify key or critical elements of all examples nor delineate the scope of any or all aspects of the present technology. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more examples in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.

[0009] In accordance with one or more aspects of the examples described herein, systems and methods are provided for collision detection and avoidance for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).

[0010] In an aspect, a collision avoidance system for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) receives physical space data for a flight area and creates a virtual world model to represent the flight area by mapping the physical space data with a physics engine. The automatic collision avoidance system creates a virtual UAV model to represent the UAV in the virtual world model. The automatic collision avoidance system receives flight data for the UAV and determines a current position of the virtual UAV model within the virtual world model. The automatic collision avoidance system determines a predicted trajectory of the virtual UAV model within the virtual world model, and determines whether the predicted trajectory will result in a collision of the virtual UAV model with the virtual world model. The automatic collision avoidance system performs evasive actions by the UAV, in response to determining that the predicted trajectory will result in a collision.

[0011] In a second aspect, a system collision avoidance includes a receiver module, a processing module, a control module, and a memory. The receiver module is configured to receive physical space data for a flight area; and receive flight data for the UAV. The processing module is configured to create a virtual world model to represent the flight area by mapping the physical space data with a physics engine, create a virtual UAV model to represent the UAV in the virtual world model, determine a current position of the virtual UAV model within the virtual world model, determine a predicted trajectory of the virtual UAV model within the virtual world model, and determine whether the predicted trajectory will result in a collision of the virtual UAV model with the virtual world model. The control module is configured to perform evasive actions by the UAV, in response to determining that the predicted trajectory will result in a collision. The memory is coupled to the processing module, the processing module, and the control module for storing data.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] These and other sample aspects of the present technology will be described in the detailed description and the appended claims that follow, and in the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0013] FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an example collision avoidance system;

[0014] FIG. 2 illustrates an example unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV);

[0015] FIG. 3 illustrates an example controller device;

[0016] FIG. 4 illustrates an example head-mounted display (HMD);

[0017] FIG. 5 illustrates an example methodology by a collision avoidance system for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV);* and*

[0018] FIG. 6 illustrates a block diagram of an example computer system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0019] The subject disclosure provides techniques for collision detection and avoidance for unmanned aerial vehicles, in accordance with the subject technology. Various aspects of the present technology are described with reference to the drawings. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of one or more aspects. It can be evident, however, that the present technology can be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to facilitate describing these aspects. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments.

[0020] FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an example collision avoidance system 100. The collision avoidance system 100 can include an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) 110 connected to a controller device 150 and a display device 140. It is understood that the controller device 150 and the display device 140 can be integrated into a single device or multiple connected devices.

[0021] A user of the controller device 150 is in control of flight by the UAV 110 for a majority of time, until the collision avoidance system 100 determines there is a likelihood of collision. The collision avoidance system 100 then takes control away from the user of the controller 150 to perform evasive actions on the UAV 110.

[0022] In some implementations, the controller device 150 and/or display device 140 can include a personal computer, a laptop, a smart phone, tablet, a server, a mobile device, a game controller, a game console, a television, or other such device. In some implementations, the playback device is a head-mounted display (HMD) such as a virtual reality HMD or an augmented reality (AR) HMD. The HMD allows a user of to adjust a camera viewing angle or position in a virtual space by moving or rotating his head in the physical space.

[0023] The user operates the controller device 150 to control the UAV 110 during normal operation. The controller device 150 can include one or more analog or digital input options. Analog input options include flight stick or joystick controls, triggers, sliders, throttles, dials, etc. Digital input options include buttons, switches, etc.

[0024] In some implementations, the display device 140 is included to display information to the user. For example, the display device 140 can display a livestream of first person view of the UAV 110 from a camera on the UAV 110. The display device 140 can also display battery life remaining, speed, altitude, distance traveled, position of the UAV 107, wind conditions, connection signal strength, etc. to the user. In some implementations, the display device 140 indicates to the user when the collision avoidance system 100 takes over control of the UAV 110.

[0025] In some implementations, the UAV 110 can include a processor 101, a physics engine 102, a memory 103, motors 104, a global positioning system (GPS) tracker 105, various sensors 106, one or more cameras 107, and a transceiver 108.

[0026] The collision avoidance system 100 determines capability parameters of the UAV. The capability parameters include at least one of maximum speed, maximum acceleration, maximum deceleration, or turning rate. In some implementations, the capability parameters of the UAV 110 are known and stored in the memory 103. In some other implementations, the capability parameters can be downloaded from an online database. In some implementations, the collision avoidance system 100 can perform a flight test on the UAV 110 to determine the capability parameters.

[0027] The collision avoidance system 100 receives physical space data for a flight area. The physical space data refers to any data that helps the collision avoidance system 100 map out the flight area.

[0028] In some implementations, the physical space data includes pre-mapped data for the flight area. For example the pre-mapped data can be uploaded by the user to the collision avoidance system 100 prior to flight. In another example, the pre-mapped data can be downloaded from an online database.

[0029] In some implementations, the collision avoidance system 100 receives the physical space data in real-time and includes sensor data from the sensors 106 on the UAV and/or external sensors 120 placed around the flight area. In some implementations, the collision avoidance system 100 creates the virtual world in real-time using simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM). SLAM relates to the computational problem of constructing or updating a map of an unknown environment while simultaneously keeping track of an agent’s location within it.

[0030] The collision avoidance system 100 creates a virtual world model to represent the fight area. The collision avoidance system 100 creates the virtual world model by mapping the physical space data with a physics engine 102. The collision avoidance system 100 additionally creates a virtual UAV model to represent the UAV in the virtual world model.

[0031] The physics engine 102 creates a three-dimensional mesh representing a virtual world. A mesh is a collection of vertices, edges and faces that defines the shape of a polyhedral object for use in three-dimensional modeling. The faces usually include triangles, quadrilaterals, or other simple convex polygons, but can also include more general concave polygons, or polygons with holes. A vertex is a position (usually in 3D space) along with other information such as color, normal vector and texture coordinates. An edge is a connection between two vertices. A face is a closed set of edges (e.g., a triangle face has tree edges and a quad face has four edges).

[0032] Polygon meshes may be represented in a variety of ways, using different methods to store the vertex, edge and face data. Examples of polygon mesh representations include Face-vertex meshes, Winged-edge meshes, Half-edge meshes, Quad-edge meshes, Corner-table meshes, and Vertex-vertex meshes.

[0033] The physics engine 102 includes one or more computer programs and/or algorithms that simulate or model the motion of an object under physical laws of the real world. The physics engine 102 uses equations incorporating variables such as mass, position information, velocity, forces, engine constraints and others in performing the simulation. The simulation provides a representation of an interaction in the virtual world model for the virtual UAV model.

[0034] The physics engine 102 simulates physical phenomena though the use of rigid body dynamics, soft body dynamics and/or fluid dynamics principles. The physics engine 102 includes collision detection system, which seeks to detect when objects in a virtual environment collide with one another. Typically, simulation and display operations are performed several times a second. Each simulation and display operation occurs during a time step described as a frame.

[0035] Thus, the physics engine 102 can be implemented using an API, middleware, or other computer software implementation. While the physics engine 102 is running, during a given frame, the physics engine 102 steps forward in time and simulates any interaction outcomes during the next time step and then output the results.

[0036] The collision avoidance system 100 receives flight data for the UAV 110, as it flies along a flight path and performs maneuvers, from the sensors 106. The sensors 106 can include at least one of a camera, an infra-red (IR) sensor, a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) sensor, a proximity sensor, a radar, a sonar sensor, or other such sensors. In some implementations, the flight data includes controller inputs from a controller device.

[0037] The collision avoidance system 100 determines a current position of the virtual UAV model in the virtual world model. In some implementations, the collision avoidance system 100 determines the position of the position of the UAV 110 in the real world using the GPS tracker 105 which connects to a GPS satellite. In some implementations, the collision avoidance system 100 determines the position of the UAV 110 in the real world using external sensors 120 that track the UAV’s position, such as cameras, sonar sensors, or LiDAR sensors placed around the flight area. In some implementations, the collision avoidance system 100 determines the position of UAV 110 using the flight data and correspondingly updates the current position of the virtual UAV model in the virtual world model.

[0038] The collision avoidance system 100 determines a predicted trajectory of the virtual UAV model within the virtual world model. In some implementations, determining the predicted trajectory of the UAV comprises an inertial navigation system (INS) using a dead reckoning algorithm to calculate the current position of the UAV. An INS is a navigation aid that uses a computer, motion sensors (accelerometers) and rotation sensors (gyroscopes) to continuously calculate via dead reckoning the position, orientation, and velocity (direction and speed of movement) of a moving object without the need for external references. Inertial navigation is a self-contained navigation technique in which measurements provided by accelerometers and gyroscopes are used to track the position and orientation of an object relative to a known starting point, orientation and velocity. Inertial measurement units (IMUs) typically contain three orthogonal rate-gyroscopes and three orthogonal accelerometers, measuring angular velocity and linear acceleration respectively. By processing signals from these devices it is possible to predict the position and orientation of the UAV 110.

[0039] Gyroscopes measure the angular velocity of the sensor frame with respect to the inertial reference frame. By using the original orientation of the system in the inertial reference frame as the initial condition and integrating the angular velocity, the system’s current orientation is known at all times. Accelerometers measure the linear acceleration of the moving vehicle in the sensor or body frame, but in directions that can only be measured relative to the moving.

[0040] The inertial navigation system suffer from integration drift, which are small errors in the measurement of acceleration and angular velocity are integrated into progressively larger errors in velocity, which are compounded into still greater errors in position. Since the new position is calculated from the previous calculated position and the measured acceleration and angular velocity, these errors accumulate roughly proportionally to the time since the initial position was input.

[0041] The collision avoidance system 100 then determines whether the predicted trajectory will result in a collision of the virtual UAV model with the virtual world model. In some implementations, the physics engine 102 includes a collision detector which generates contact points between an object pair, such as two rigid bodies. The physics engine 102 determines whether any of the objects in the virtual world model are colliding or overlapping. This is accomplished using a collision detection system. The primary focus of the collision detection system is to calculate all collision information between all bodies in a scene.

[0042] The physics engine 102 calculates constraints, which are restrictions on the freedom of movement of objects, allowing the creation of complex systems such as hinges, body joints, and wheels. A constraint between two bodies restricts the movement for a those bodies in a certain way. An unconstrained body has 6 degrees of freedom (3 linear and 3 angular). At any given time, a constraint removes certain degrees of freedom of one body relative to another. For example, if two bodies are constrained by a hinge, all linear degrees of freedom at the point of constraint, and two angular degrees of freedom are removed. As a result, the constraint only allows the bodies to rotate in one axis relative to each other. Such a constraint is bilateral, in that the bodies may not violate the constraint in either direction.

[0043] A contact between two bodies can also be treated as a constraint, in that the bodies are constrained such that they may not move towards each other at the point of contact. This type of a constraint is a contact constraint. In a rigid body system, rigid bodies should not interpenetrate. This results in the effective removal of one linear degree of freedom in the direction of the normal of the contact. Contact constraints are unilateral, in that bodies in contact are only constrained not to move towards each other, movement apart is unconstrained.

[0044] For example, axis-aligned bounding boxes (AABB) are a quick algorithm to determine whether two virtual world entities are overlapping. AABB consists of wrapping world entities in a non-rotated (thus axis-aligned) box, and checking the positions of these boxes in the 3D coordinate space to see if they are overlapping.

[0045] In some implementations the collision avoidance system 100 performs evasive actions by the UAV 110, in response to determining that the user has lost control of the UAV. In some implementations, the loss of user control is determined in response to the transceiver 108 UAV 110 losing communication to a controller device. For example, the UAV 110 flies behind a building or other object that disrupts a wireless connection with the controller device 150. In another example, the controller device 150 may lose communication with the UAV 110 if the controller device 150 becomes damaged or runs out of battery power. In some implementations, the loss of user control is determined in response to the UAV receiving erratic controller input from a controller device 150. For example, the user may accidently drop the controller device 150.

[0046] The collision avoidance system 100 performs evasive actions by the UAV 110 based on the capability parameters of the UAV, in response to determining that the predicted trajectory will result in a collision. For example, the evasive actions may include overriding controller inputs from a controller device to control the UAV to perform braking or a banking maneuver by adjusting at least one of a roll, pitch, yaw, or throttle of the UAV to avoid an obstacle in the physical world.

[0047] In some implementations, the collision avoidance system 100 causes at least one of the UAV or a controller device to output an evasion sound effect. The evasion sound effect provides the user audio feedback when control of the UAV is taken away from the user.

[0048] FIG. 2 shows unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) 200 according to some embodiments. UAV 200 can have one or more motors 250 configured to rotate attached propellers 255 in order to control the position of UAV 200 in the air. UAV 200 can be configured as a fixed wing vehicle (e.g., airplane), a rotary vehicle (e.g., a helicopter or multirotor), or a blend of the two. For the purpose of FIG. 2, axes 275 can assist in the description of certain features. If UAV 200 is oriented parallel to the ground, the Z axis can be the axis perpendicular to the ground, the X axis can generally be the axis that passes through the bow and stern of UAV 200, and the Y axis can be the axis that pass through the port and starboard sides of UAV 200. Axes 275 are merely provided for convenience of the description herein.

[0049] In some embodiments, UAV 200 has main body 210 with one or more arms 240. The proximal end of arm 240 can attach to main body 210 while the distal end of arm 240 can secure motor 250. Arms 240 can be secured to main body 210 in an “X” configuration, an “H” configuration, a “T” configuration, or any other configuration as appropriate. The number of motors 250 can vary, for example there can be three motors 250 (e.g., a “tricopter”), four motors 250 (e.g., a “quadcopter”), eight motors (e.g., an “octocopter”), etc.

[0050] In some embodiments, each motor 255 rotates (i.e., the drive shaft of motor 255 spins) about parallel axes. For example, the thrust provided by all propellers 255 can be in the Z direction. Alternatively, a motor 255 can rotate about an axis that is perpendicular (or any angle that is not parallel) to the axis of rotation of another motor 255. For example, two motors 255 can be oriented to provide thrust in the Z direction (e.g., to be used in takeoff and landing) while two motors 255 can be oriented to provide thrust in the X direction (e.g., for normal flight). In some embodiments, UAV 200 can dynamically adjust the orientation of one or more of its motors 250 for vectored thrust.

[0051] In some embodiments, the rotation of motors 250 can be configured to create or minimize gyroscopic forces. For example, if there are an even number of motors 250, then half of the motors can be configured to rotate counter-clockwise while the other half can be configured to rotate clockwise. Alternating the placement of clockwise and counter-clockwise motors can increase stability and enable UAV 200 to rotate about the z-axis by providing more power to one set of motors 250 (e.g., those that rotate clockwise) while providing less power to the remaining motors (e.g., those that rotate counter-clockwise).

[0052] Motors 250 can be any combination of electric motors, internal combustion engines, turbines, rockets, etc. In some embodiments, a single motor 250 can drive multiple thrust components (e.g., propellers 255) on different parts of UAV 200 using chains, cables, gear assemblies, hydraulics, tubing (e.g., to guide an exhaust stream used for thrust), etc. to transfer the power.

[0053] In some embodiments, motor 250 is a brushless motor and can be connected to electronic speed controller 245. Electronic speed controller 245 can determine the orientation of magnets attached to a drive shaft within motor 250 and, based on the orientation, power electromagnets within motor 250. For example, electronic speed controller 245 can have three wires connected to motor 250, and electronic speed controller 245 can provide three phases of power to the electromagnets to spin the drive shaft in motor 250. Electronic speed controller 245 can determine the orientation of the drive shaft based on back-emf on the wires or by directly sensing to position of the drive shaft.

[0054] Transceiver 265 can receive control signals from a control unit (e.g., a handheld control transmitter, a server, etc.). Transceiver 265 can receive the control signals directly from the control unit or through a network (e.g., a satellite, cellular, mesh, etc.). The control signals can be encrypted. In some embodiments, the control signals include multiple channels of data (e.g., “pitch,” “yaw,” “roll,” “throttle,” and auxiliary channels). The channels can be encoded using pulse-width-modulation or can be digital signals. In some embodiments, the control signals are received over TC/IP or similar networking stack.

[0055] In some embodiments, transceiver 265 can also transmit data to a control unit. Transceiver 265 can communicate with the control unit using lasers, light, ultrasonic, infra-red, Bluetooth, 802.11x, or similar communication methods, including a combination of methods. Transceiver can communicate with multiple control units at a time.

[0056] Position sensor 235 can include an inertial measurement unit for determining the acceleration and/or the angular rate of UAV 200, a GPS receiver for determining the geolocation and altitude of UAV 200, a magnetometer for determining the surrounding magnetic fields of UAV 200 (for informing the heading and orientation of UAV 200), a barometer for determining the altitude of UAV 200, etc. Position sensor 235 can include a land-speed sensor, an air-speed sensor, a celestial navigation sensor, etc.

[0057] UAV 200 can have one or more environmental awareness sensors. These sensors can use sonar, LiDAR, stereoscopic imaging, computer vision, etc. to detect obstacles and determine the nearby environment. For example, a collision avoidance system can use environmental awareness sensors to determine how far away an obstacle is and, if necessary, change course.

[0058] Position sensor 235 and environmental awareness sensors can all be one unit or a collection of units. In some embodiments, some features of position sensor 235 and/or the environmental awareness sensors are embedded within flight controller 230.

[0059] In some embodiments, an environmental awareness system can take inputs from position sensors 235, environmental awareness sensors, databases (e.g., a predefined mapping of a region) to determine the location of UAV 200, obstacles, and pathways. In some embodiments, this environmental awareness system is located entirely on UAV 200, alternatively, some data processing can be performed external to UAV 200.

[0060] Camera 205 can include an image sensor (e.g., a CCD sensor, a CMOS sensor, etc.), a lens system, a processor, etc. The lens system can include multiple movable lenses that can be adjusted to manipulate the focal length and/or field of view (i.e., zoom) of the lens system. In some embodiments, camera 205 is part of a camera system which includes multiple cameras 205. For example, two cameras 205 can be used for stereoscopic imaging (e.g., for first person video, augmented reality, etc.). Another example includes one camera 205 that is optimized for detecting hue and saturation information and a second camera 205 that is optimized for detecting intensity information. In some embodiments, camera 205 optimized for low latency is used for control systems while a camera 205 optimized for quality is used for recording a video (e.g., a cinematic video). Camera 205 can be a visual light camera, an infrared camera, a depth camera, etc.

[0061] A gimbal and dampeners can help stabilize camera 205 and remove erratic rotations and translations of UAV 200. For example, a three-axis gimbal can have three stepper motors that are positioned based on a gyroscope reading in order to prevent erratic spinning and/or keep camera 205 level with the ground.

[0062] Video processor 225 can process a video signal from camera 205. For example video process 225 can enhance the image of the video signal, down-sample or up-sample the resolution of the video signal, add audio (captured by a microphone) to the video signal, overlay information (e.g., flight data from flight controller 230 and/or position sensor), convert the signal between forms or formats, etc.

[0063] Video transmitter 220 can receive a video signal from video processor 225 and transmit it using an attached antenna. The antenna can be a cloverleaf antenna or a linear antenna. In some embodiments, video transmitter 220 uses a different frequency or band than transceiver 265. In some embodiments, video transmitter 220 and transceiver 265 are part of a single transceiver.

[0064] Battery 270 can supply power to the components of UAV 200. A battery elimination circuit can convert the voltage from battery 270 to a desired voltage (e.g., convert 12v from battery 270 to 5v for flight controller 230). A battery elimination circuit can also filter the power in order to minimize noise in the power lines (e.g., to prevent interference in transceiver 265 and transceiver 220). Electronic speed controller 245 can contain a battery elimination circuit. For example, battery 270 can supply 12 volts to electronic speed controller 245 which can then provide 5 volts to flight controller 230. In some embodiments, a power distribution board can allow each electronic speed controller (and other devices) to connect directly to the battery.

[0065] In some embodiments, battery 270 is a multi-cell (e.g., 2S, 3S, 4S, etc.) lithium polymer battery. Battery 270 can also be a lithium-ion, lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, or alkaline battery. Other battery types and variants can be used as known in the art. Additional or alternative to battery 270, other energy sources can be used. For example, UAV 200 can use solar panels, wireless power transfer, a tethered power cable (e.g., from a ground station or another UAV 200), etc. In some embodiments, the other energy source can be utilized to charge battery 270 while in flight or on the ground.

[0066] Battery 270 can be securely mounted to main body 210. Alternatively, battery 270 can have a release mechanism. In some embodiments, battery 270 can be automatically replaced. For example, UAV 200 can land on a docking station and the docking station can automatically remove a discharged battery 270 and insert a charged battery 270. In some embodiments, UAV 200 can pass through docking station and replace battery 270 without stopping.

[0067] Battery 270 can include a temperature sensor for overload prevention. For example, when charging, the rate of charge can be thermally limited (the rate will decrease if the temperature exceeds a certain threshold). Similarly, the power delivery at electronic speed controllers 245 can be thermally limited–providing less power when the temperature exceeds a certain threshold. Battery 270 can include a charging and voltage protection circuit to safely charge battery 270 and prevent its voltage from going above or below a certain range.

[0068] UAV 200 can include a location transponder. For example, in a racing environment, race officials can track UAV 200 using location transponder. The actual location (e.g., X, Y, and Z) can be tracked using triangulation of the transponder. In some embodiments, gates or sensors in a track can determine if the location transponder has passed by or through the sensor or gate.

[0069] Flight controller 230 can communicate with electronic speed controller 245, battery 270, transceiver 265, video processor 225, position sensor 235, and/or any other component of UAV 200. In some embodiments, flight controller 230 can receive various inputs (including historical data) and calculate current flight characteristics. Flight characteristics can include an actual or predicted position, orientation, velocity, angular momentum, acceleration, battery capacity, temperature, etc. of UAV 200. Flight controller 230 can then take the control signals from transceiver 265 and calculate target flight characteristics. For example, target flight characteristics might include “rotate x degrees” or “go to this GPS location”. Flight controller 230 can calculate response characteristics of UAV 200. Response characteristics can include how electronic speed controller 245, motor 250, propeller 255, etc. respond, or are expected to respond, to control signals from flight controller 230. Response characteristics can include an expectation for how UAV 200 as a system will respond to control signals from flight controller 230. For example, response characteristics can include a determination that one motor 250 is slightly weaker than other motors.

[0070] After calculating current flight characteristics, target flight characteristics, and response characteristics flight controller 230 can calculate optimized control signals to achieve the target flight characteristics. Various control systems can be implemented during these calculations. For example a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) can be used. In some embodiments, an open-loop control system (i.e., one that ignores current flight characteristics) can be used. In some embodiments, some of the functions of flight controller 230 are performed by a system external to UAV 200. For example, current flight characteristics can be sent to a server that returns the optimized control signals. Flight controller 230 can send the optimized control signals to electronic speed controllers 245 to control UAV 200.

[0071] In some embodiments, UAV 200 has various outputs that are not part of the flight control system. For example, UAV 200 can have a loudspeaker for communicating with people or other UAVs 200. Similarly, UAV 200 can have a flashlight or laser. The laser can be used to “tag” another UAV 200.

[0072] FIG. 3 shows control transmitter 300 according to some embodiments. Control transmitter 300 can send control signals to transceiver 265. Control transmitter can have auxiliary switches 310, joysticks 315 and 320, and antenna 305. Joystick 315 can be configured to send elevator and aileron control signals while joystick 320 can be configured to send throttle and rudder control signals (this is termed a mode 2 configuration). Alternatively, joystick 315 can be configured to send throttle and aileron control signals while joystick 320 can be configured to send elevator and rudder control signals (this is termed a mode 1 configuration). Auxiliary switches 310 can be configured to set options on control transmitter 300 or UAV 200. In some embodiments, control transmitter 300 receives information from a transceiver on UAV 200. For example, it can receive some current flight characteristics from UAV 200.

[0073] FIG. 4 shows display 400 according to some embodiments. Display 400 can include battery 405 or another power source, display screen 410, and receiver 415. Display 400 can receive a video stream from transmitter 220 from UAV 200. Display 400 can be a head-mounted unit as depicted in FIG. 4. Display 400 can be a monitor such that multiple viewers can view a single screen. In some embodiments, display screen 410 includes two screens, one for each eye; these screens can have separate signals for stereoscopic viewing. In some embodiments, receiver 415 is mounted on display 4100 (as should in FIG. 4), alternatively, receiver 415 can be a separate unit that is connected using a wire to display 400. In some embodiments, display 400 is mounted on control transmitter 300.

[0074] FIG. 5 illustrates an example methodology 500 by a collision avoidance system for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). At step 510, the collision avoidance system determines capability parameters of the UAV. In some implementations, capability parameters include at least one of maximum speed, maximum acceleration, maximum deceleration, or turning rate.

[0075] At step 520, the collision avoidance system receives physical space data for a flight area. In some implementations, the physical space data comprises pre-mapped data for the flight area. In some implementations, receiving physical space data comprises receiving, in real-time, sensor data from at least one sensor on the UAV. In some implementations, the at least one sensor comprises at least one of a camera, an infra-red (IR) sensor, a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) sensor, a proximity sensor, a radar, or a sonar sensor.

[0076] At step 530, the collision avoidance system creates a virtual world model to represent the flight area by mapping the physical space data with a physics engine. In some implementations, creating the virtual world model occurs in real-time and uses simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM).

[0077] At step 540, the collision avoidance system creates a virtual UAV model to represent the UAV in the virtual world model.

[0078] At step 550, the collision avoidance system receives flight data for the UAV. In some implementations, the flight data comprises sensor data from at least one sensor on the UAV. In some implementations, the sensor data comprises at least one of speed, altitude, direction, wind speed, wind direction. In some implementations, the flight data comprises controller inputs from a controller device.

[0079] At step 560, the collision avoidance system determines a current position of the virtual UAV model within the virtual world model.

[0080] At step 570, the collision avoidance system determines a predicted trajectory of the virtual UAV model within the virtual world model. In some implementations, determining the predicted trajectory of the UAV comprises an inertial navigation system (INS) using a dead reckoning algorithm to calculate the current position of the UAV.

[0081] At step 580, the collision avoidance system determines whether the predicted trajectory will result in a collision of the virtual UAV model with the virtual world model.

[0082] At step 590, the collision avoidance system performs evasive actions by the UAV based on the capability parameters of the UAV, in response to determining that the predicted trajectory will result in a collision. In some implementations, performing evasive actions comprises overriding controller inputs from a controller device to control the UAV to perform at least one of a braking or a banking maneuver by adjusting at least one of a roll, pitch, yaw, or throttle of the UAV.

[0083] In some implementations, the collision avoidance system further determines a loss of user control of the UAV, and performs evasive actions by the UAV, in response to determining the loss user control. In some implementations, the loss of user control is determined in response to the UAV losing communication to a controller device. In some implementations, the loss of user control is determined in response to the UAV receiving erratic controller input from a controller device.

[0084] FIG. 6 illustrates a block diagram of an example processing system 600. The processing system 600 can include a processor 640, a network interface 650, a management controller 680, a memory 620, a storage 630, a Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) 610, and a northbridge 660, and a southbridge 670.

[0085] The processing system 600 can be, for example, a server (e.g., one of many rack servers in a data center) or a personal computer. The processor (e.g., central processing unit (CPU)) 640 can be a chip on a motherboard that can retrieve and execute programming instructions stored in the memory 620. The processor 640 can be a single CPU with a single processing core, a single CPU with multiple processing cores, or multiple CPUs. One or more buses (not shown) can transmit instructions and application data between various computer components such as the processor 640, memory 620, storage 630, and networking interface 650.

[0086] The memory 620 can include any physical device used to temporarily or permanently store data or programs, such as various forms of random-access memory (RAM). The storage 630 can include any physical device for non-volatile data storage such as a HDD or a flash drive. The storage 630 can have a greater capacity than the memory 620 and can be more economical per unit of storage, but can also have slower transfer rates.

[0087] The BIOS 610 can include a Basic Input/Output System or its successors or equivalents, such as an Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) or Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI). The BIOS 610 can include a BIOS chip located on a motherboard of the processing system 600 storing a BIOS software program. The BIOS 610 can store firmware executed when the computer system is first powered on along with a set of configurations specified for the BIOS 610. The BIOS firmware and BIOS configurations can be stored in a non-volatile memory (e.g., NVRAM) 612 or a ROM such as flash memory. Flash memory is a non-volatile computer storage medium that can be electronically erased and reprogrammed.

[0088] The BIOS 610 can be loaded and executed as a sequence program each time the processing system 600 is started. The BIOS 610 can recognize, initialize, and test hardware present in a given computing system based on the set of configurations. The BIOS 610 can perform self-test, such as a Power-on-Self-Test (POST), on the processing system 600. This self-test can test functionality of various hardware components such as hard disk drives, optical reading devices, cooling devices, memory modules, expansion cards and the like. The BIOS can address and allocate an area in the memory 620 in to store an operating system. The BIOS 610 can then give control of the computer system to the OS.

[0089] The BIOS 610 of the processing system 600 can include a BIOS configuration that defines how the BIOS 610 controls various hardware components in the processing system 600. The BIOS configuration can determine the order in which the various hardware components in the processing system 600 are started. The BIOS 610 can provide an interface (e.g., BIOS setup utility) that allows a variety of different parameters to be set, which can be different from parameters in a BIOS default configuration. For example, a user (e.g., an administrator) can use the BIOS 610 to specify dock and bus speeds, specify what peripherals are attached to the computer system, specify monitoring of health (e.g., fan speeds and CPU temperature limits), and specify a variety of other parameters that affect overall performance and power usage of the computer system.

[0090] The management controller 680 can be a specialized microcontroller embedded on the motherboard of the computer system. For example, the management controller 680 can be a BMC or a RMC. The management controller 680 can manage the interface between system management software and platform hardware. Different types of sensors built into the computer system can report to the management controller 680 on parameters such as temperature, cooling fan speeds, power status, operating system status, etc. The management controller 680 can monitor the sensors and have the ability to send alerts to an administrator via the network interface 650 if any of the parameters do not stay within preset limits, indicating a potential failure of the system. The administrator can also remotely communicate with the management controller 680 to take some corrective action such as resetting or power cycling the system to restore functionality.

[0091] The northbridge 660 can be a chip on the motherboard that can be directly connected to the processor 640 or can be integrated into the processor 640. In some instances, the northbridge 660 and the southbridge 670 can be combined into a single die. The northbridge 660 and the southbridge 670, manage communications between the processor 640 and other parts of the motherboard. The northbridge 660 can manage tasks that require higher performance than the southbridge 670. The northbridge 660 can manage communications between the processor 640, the memory 620, and video controllers (not shown). In some instances, the northbridge 660 can include a video controller.

[0092] The southbridge 670 can be a chip on the motherboard connected to the northbridge 660, but unlike the northbridge 660, is not directly connected to the processor 640. The southbridge 670 can manage input/output functions (e.g., audio functions, BIOS, Universal Serial Bus (USB), Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA), Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, PCI eXtended (PCI-X) bus, PCI Express bus, Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) bus, Enhanced Serial Peripheral Interface (eSPI) bus, System Management Bus (SMBus), etc.) of the processing system 600. The southbridge 670 can be connected to or can include within the southbridge 670 the management controller 670, Direct Memory Access (DMAs) controllers, Programmable Interrupt Controllers (PICs), and a real-time dock.

[0093] The input device 602 can be at least one of a game controller, a joystick, a mouse, a keyboard, a touchscreen, a trackpad, or other similar control device. The input device 602 allows a user to provide input data to the processing system 600.

[0094] The display device 604 can be at least one of a monitor, a light-emitting display (LED) screen, a liquid crystal display (LCD) screen, a head mounted display (HMD), a virtual reality (VR) display, a augmented reality (AR) display, or other such output device. The display device 604 allows the processing system 600 to output visual information to a user.

[0095] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the disclosure herein can be implemented or performed with a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor can be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor can be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor can also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

[0096] The operations of a method or algorithm described in connection with the disclosure herein can be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module can reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium can be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium can reside in an ASIC. The ASIC can reside in a user terminal. In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium can reside as discrete components in a user terminal.

[0097] In one or more exemplary designs, the functions described can be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions can be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a non-transitory computer-readable medium. Non-transitory computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media can be any available media that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and blue ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of non-transitory computer-readable media.

[0098] The previous description of the disclosure is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein can be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not intended to be limited to the examples and designs described herein, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.