Facebook Patent | Compact Spatial Light Modulator Projection System

Patent: Compact Spatial Light Modulator Projection System

Publication Number: 20200371354

Publication Date: 20201126

Applicants: Facebook

Abstract

An optical device includes a first polarization selective reflector positioned relative to a spatial light modulator; and a first reflective assembly positioned relative to the first polarization selective reflector so that the first polarization selective reflector receives first light from the spatial light modulator and directs at least a portion of the first light having a first polarization toward the first reflective assembly as second light. The first reflective assembly receives the second light from the first polarization selective reflector and directs at least a portion of the second light toward the first polarization selective reflector as third light having a second polarization. The second polarization is distinct from the first polarization.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/850,473, filed May 20, 2019, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. _, entitled “Split Prism Illuminator For Spatial Light Modulator” filed concurrently herewith (Attorney Docket Number 010235-01-5301-US), U.S. patent application Ser. No. _, entitled “Compact Spatial Light Modulator Illumination System” filed concurrently herewith (Attorney Docket Number 010235-01-5305-US), U.S. patent application Ser. No. _, entitled “Polarization Sensitive Beam Splitter” filed concurrently herewith (Attorney Docket Number 010235-01-5306-US), and U.S. patent application Ser. No. _, entitled “Polarizing Beam Splitter Assembly” filed concurrently herewith (Attorney Docket Number 010235-01-5314-US). All of these applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] This relates generally to head-mounted display devices, and more specifically to optical components used in head-mounted display devices.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Head-mounted display devices (also called herein head-mounted displays) are gaining popularity as means for providing visual information to users.

[0004] However, the size and weight of conventional head-mounted display device have limited application of head-mounted display devices.

SUMMARY

[0005] Accordingly, there is a need for head-mounted display devices that are more compact and lightweight. Compact head-mounted display devices would also improve user satisfaction with such devices.

[0006] The deficiencies and other problems are reduced or eliminated by the disclosed devices, systems, and methods.

[0007] In accordance with some embodiments, an optical device includes a first polarization selective reflector positioned in a first orientation so that the first polarization selective reflector receives first light in a first direction, redirects a first portion, of the first light, having a first polarization to a second direction that is non-parallel to the first direction; and receives second light in a third direction and transmit a first portion, of the second light, having a second polarization orthogonal to the first polarization. The optical device includes a second polarization selective reflector positioned in a second orientation non-parallel to the first orientation, and adjacent to the first polarization selective reflector so that the second polarization selective reflector receives third light in a fourth direction; redirects a first portion, of the third light, having the first polarization to a fifth direction that is non-parallel to the fourth direction; and receives fourth light in a sixth direction and transmit a first portion, of the fourth light having the second polarization.

[0008] In some embodiments, the second direction is orthogonal to the first direction and the fifth direction is orthogonal to the third direction.

[0009] In some embodiments, the first polarization selective reflector is further configured to transmit a second portion, of the first light, having the second polarization; and the second polarization selective reflector is further configured to receive, and transmit, the second portion, of the first light having the second polarization.

[0010] In some embodiments, the optical device further includes a third reflector configured to receive from the second polarization selective reflector the second portion of the first light, and redirect the second portion of the first light back to the second polarization selective reflector as the second light.

[0011] In some embodiments, the optical device further includes a light source configured to output the first light having the first polarization.

[0012] In some embodiments, the optical device further includes an optical integrator configured receive the first light and redirect the first light such that the first light transmitted by the optical integrator has a smaller divergence than the first light incident on the optical integrator. In some embodiments, the optical device further includes a Fresnel reflector optically coupled with the first polarization selective reflector, the Fresnel reflector configured to receive the first light output by the light source and redirect the first light toward the first polarization selective reflector. In some embodiments, the Fresnel reflector is configured to expand a beam size of the first light.

[0013] In some embodiments, the optical device further includes a waveplate disposed between the third reflector and the second polarization selective reflector. In some embodiments, the waveplate is configured to convert linearly polarized light to circularly polarized light and to convert circularly polarized light to linearly polarized light (e.g., a quarter-wave plate).

[0014] In some embodiments, the first polarization selective reflector is further configured to reflect a second portion, of the second light, having the first polarization in a seventh direction distinct from the third direction; and the second polarization selective reflector is further configured to reflect a second portion, of the fourth light, having the first polarization, in an eighth direction distinct from the sixth direction.

[0015] In some embodiments, the optical device further includes a reflective spatial light modulator optically coupled with the first polarization selective reflector and the second polarization selective reflector, the reflective spatial light modulator configured to: receive, on a first region of the reflective spatial light modulator, the first portion of the first light having the first polarization and reflect the first portion of the first light as the second light. The reflective spatial light modulator is also configured to receive, on a second region adjacent to the first region of the reflective spatial light modulator, the first portion of the third light having the first polarization and reflect the first portion of the third light as the fourth light.

[0016] In some embodiments, the reflective spatial light modulator includes a reflective surface and a plurality of pixels, a respective pixel in the plurality of pixels having respective modulating elements. In some embodiments, reflecting the first portion of the first light as the second light and reflecting the first portion of the third light as the fourth light includes modulating, by the respective modulating elements, polarization of the first portion of the first light and the first portion of the third light.

[0017] In some embodiments, the reflective spatial light modulator is a Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCoS) display.

[0018] In some embodiments, the first polarization selective reflector in the first orientation and the second polarization selective reflector in the second orientation define an angle that is approximately 90 degrees. In some embodiments, the angle is more or less than 90 degrees. The first polarization selective reflector and the second polarization selective reflector are coupled to each other.

[0019] In some embodiments, the optical device further includes a prism defining a first facet and a second facet. The first polarization selective reflector is disposed on the first facet and the second polarization selective reflector is disposed on the second facet. In some embodiments, the first polarization selective reflector and the second polarization selective reflector are selected from the group consisting of: a wire grid polarizer, a birefringent optical film reflective polarizer, a cholesteric reflective polarizer, and a MacNeille polarizer.

[0020] In some embodiments, the optical device further includes a first light source configured to output the first light having the first polarization; and a second light source configured to output the third light having the first polarization.

[0021] In some embodiments, the optical device further includes a first Fresnel reflector optically coupled with the first polarization selective reflector configured to receive the first light output by the first light source; and redirect the first light toward the first polarization selective reflector in the first direction. The optical device further includes a second Fresnel reflector optically coupled with the second polarization selective reflector configured to receive the third light output by the second light source and redirect the third light toward the second polarization selective reflector in the fourth direction.

[0022] In some embodiments, the fourth direction is substantially parallel to the first direction. In some embodiments, the fifth direction is substantially parallel to the second direction. In some embodiments, the fifth direction is non-parallel to the second direction.

[0023] In accordance with some embodiments, a method includes, with a first polarization selective reflector positioned in a first orientation, receiving first light in a first direction; redirecting a first portion, of the first light, having a first polarization to a second direction that is non-parallel to the first direction. The method includes receiving second light in a third direction, transmit a first portion, of the second light having a second polarization orthogonal to the first polarization. The method also includes, with a second polarization selective reflector positioned in a second orientation non-parallel to the first orientation, and adjacent to the first polarization selective reflector, receiving third light in a fourth direction; redirecting a first portion, of the third light, having the first polarization to a fifth direction that is non-parallel to the fourth direction; and receiving fourth light in a sixth direction, transmit a first portion, of the fourth light having the second polarization.

[0024] In accordance with some embodiments, a method of making an optical assembly includes placing a first polarization selective reflector in a first orientation; and placing a second polarization selective reflector in a second orientation non-parallel, and adjacent, to the first orientation. In some embodiments, the optical assembly includes a polarization beam splitter.

[0025] In accordance with some embodiments, an optical device includes a first polarization selective reflector, a second polarization selective reflector; and a third reflector. The first polarization selective reflector is configured to receive first light and redirect a first portion, of the first light, having a first polarization and transmit a second portion, of the first light, having a second polarization orthogonal to the first polarization. The second polarization selective reflector is configured to receive from the first polarization selective reflector, and transmit to the third reflector, the second portion of the first light. The third reflector is configured to receive from the second polarization selective reflector, and redirect back to the second polarization selective reflector, the second portion of the first light; and the second polarization selective reflector is further configured to receive light from the third reflector and redirect at least a portion of light, the redirected portion having the first polarization.

[0026] In accordance with some embodiments, an optical device includes a first polarization selective reflector positioned relative to a spatial light modulator; and a first reflective assembly positioned relative to the first polarization selective reflector so that the first polarization selective reflector receives first light from the spatial light modulator and directs at least a portion of the first light having a first polarization toward the first reflective assembly as second light. The first reflective assembly receives the second light from the first polarization selective reflector and directs at least a portion of the second light toward the first polarization selective reflector as third light having a second polarization. The second polarization is distinct from the first polarization.

[0027] In some embodiments, the spatial light modulator is positioned in a first direction from the first polarization selective reflector, and the first reflective assembly is positioned in a second direction from the first polarization selective reflector. In some embodiments, illumination light enters the optical device in a third direction from the first polarization selective reflector; and a waveguide is positioned in a fourth direction from the first polarization selective reflector. The first direction and the second direction are distinct from each other.

[0028] In some embodiments, the first direction is perpendicular to the third direction; and the second direction is perpendicular to the fourth direction. In some embodiments, the spatial light modulator and the first reflective assembly are located in opposite directions from the first polarization selective reflector. In some embodiments, the second direction is perpendicular to the third direction; and the first direction is perpendicular to the fourth direction. In some embodiments, the waveguide and the first reflective assembly are located in opposite directions from the first polarization selective reflector.

[0029] In some embodiments, the optical device further includes a first reflector. The first reflector defines an opening, and the first reflector is positioned relative to the spatial light modulator so that the spatial light modulator receives light that has (i) passed through the opening of the first reflector and (ii) subsequently reflected off the first reflector. In some embodiments, a second polarization selective reflector is disposed adjacent to the waveguide. The second polarization selective reflector is configured (e.g., by orienting a polarization axis of the second polarization selective reflector) to reflect light having a polarization different (e.g., orthogonal) from a polarization of light reflected by the first polarization selective reflector.

[0030] In some embodiments, the optical device further includes a second polarization selective reflector disposed adjacent to the waveguide. The second polarization selective reflector is configured (e.g., by orienting a polarization axis of the second polarization selective reflector) to reflect light having a polarization identical to a polarization of light reflected by the first polarization selective reflector.

[0031] In some embodiments, a first plane defined by (e.g., containing) the first polarization selective reflector intersects a second plane defined by (e.g., containing) the spatial light modulator at a first acute angle.

[0032] In some embodiments, the first reflective assembly includes a polarization retarder and a reflective lens.

[0033] In some embodiments, a projection of the first polarization selective reflector on a plane defined by the spatial light modulator has a rectangular shape. In some embodiments, a height of the projection is greater than a width of the projection so that a field of view of the spatial light modulator along the height dimension is larger than a field of view along the width dimension.

[0034] In some embodiments, the first polarization selective reflector is at substantially 45-degree angle relative to the plane defined by the spatial light modulator. the optical device comprises a first prism and a second prism.

[0035] In some embodiments, at least a portion of the first prism has a trapezoidal cross-section having a first edge, a second edge, a third edge, a fourth edge. The first edge is perpendicular to the second edge; the second prism is a right-angle prism having a hypotenuse; and the first polarization selective reflector is disposed between the first prism and the second prism, parallel to the hypotenuse of the second prism and the fourth edge of the first prism. In some embodiments, a length of the hypotenuse is equal to a length of the third edge.

[0036] In some embodiments, the first reflective assembly is positioned relative to the spatial light modulator so that the first polarization selective reflector directs the second light toward the first reflective assembly by transmitting the second light.

[0037] In some embodiments, the first reflective assembly is positioned relative to the spatial light modulator so that the first polarization selective reflector directs the second light having the first polarization toward the first reflective assembly by reflecting the second light.

[0038] In some embodiments, the first reflective assembly includes a reflector and a polarization retarder disposed adjacent to the reflector.

[0039] In some embodiments, the polarization retarder includes a quarter-wave plate. In some embodiments, the polarization retarder is disposed on a first surface of a lens and the reflector includes a reflective coating disposed on an opposing second surface of the lens.

[0040] In accordance to some embodiments, a method includes directing, using a first polarization selective reflector, first light from a spatial light modulator toward a first reflector assembly. The method includes receiving, using the first reflector assembly, the first light and directing at least a portion of the first light toward the first polarization selective reflector as second light. The method also includes receiving, using the first polarization selective reflector, the second light and directing at least a portion of the second light toward a waveguide (e.g., as third light). The first light has a first polarization, and the second light has a second polarization distinct from the first polarization (e.g., the second polarization is orthogonal to the first polarization).

[0041] In some embodiments, the first polarization selective reflector transmits the first light toward the first reflector assembly. In some embodiments, the first polarization selective reflector reflects the first light toward the first reflector assembly.

[0042] In accordance to some embodiments, an optical device includes a first polarization selective reflector, a second polarization selective reflector positioned relative to the first polarization selective reflector so that the first polarization selective reflector directs first light (e.g., impinging on the first polarization selective reflector and having a first polarization) toward the second polarization selective reflector and the second polarization selective reflector directs at least a portion of the first light toward the first polarization selective reflector as second light. The optical device includes a first reflector positioned relative to the first polarization selective reflector so that the first polarization selective reflector directs at least a portion of the second light received from the second polarization selective reflector toward the first reflector as third light and the first reflector directs at least a portion of third light (e.g., back) toward the first polarization selective reflector.

[0043] In some embodiments, the first reflector is aspherical.

[0044] In some embodiments, the first reflector is aspherical to provide uniform illumination at the spatial light modulator.

[0045] In some embodiments, the first polarization selective reflector is configured to direct the portion of the third light from the first reflector toward a spatial light modulator. In some embodiments, the optical device further includes a second reflector positioned relative to the first polarization selective reflector so that light from the spatial light modulator is directed by the first polarization selective reflector toward the second reflector and the second reflector directs at least a portion of the light from the spatial light modulator towards the first polarization selective reflector. In some embodiments, the second reflector projects at least a portion of the light from the spatial light modulator.

[0046] In some embodiments, the second polarization selective reflector is positioned in a first orientation substantially parallel to a plane that perpendicularly intersects an optical axis of the first reflector. The second polarization selective reflector is configured (e.g., by orienting a polarization axis of the second polarization selective reflector) to reflect light having a polarization different from (e.g., orthogonal to) a polarization of light reflected by the first polarization selective reflector.

[0047] In some embodiments, the first polarization selective reflector directs the first light (having the first polarization) toward the second polarization selective reflector by transmitting the first light. In some embodiments, the second light directed toward the first polarization selective reflector by the second polarization selective reflector is transmitted through the first polarization selective reflector. In some embodiments, the first polarization selective reflector directs the portion of the third light from the first reflector toward a spatial light modulator by reflecting the portion of the third light.

[0048] In some embodiments, the first polarization selective reflector has a first surface and an opposing second surface, the first reflector faces the first surface, and the second polarization selective reflector faces the second surface.

[0049] In some embodiments, the second polarization selective reflector is positioned in a second orientation substantially orthogonal to a plane that perpendicularly intersects an optical axis of the first reflector. In some embodiments, the second polarization selective reflector is configured (e.g., by orienting a polarization axis of the second polarization selective reflector) to reflect light having an identical polarization as light reflected by the first polarization selective reflector. In some embodiments, (e.g., FIG. 14E) the first polarization selective reflector has a first surface and an opposite second surface, both the first reflector and the second polarization selective reflector face the first surface.

[0050] In some embodiments, the first polarization selective reflector directs the first light (having the first polarization) toward the second polarization selective reflector by reflecting the first light toward the second polarization selective reflector.

[0051] In some embodiments, the portion of the second light directed toward the first polarization selective reflector by the second polarization selective reflector is reflected by the first polarization selective reflector toward the first reflector.

[0052] In some embodiments, the first polarization selective reflector directs the portion of the third light from the first reflector toward the spatial light modulator by transmitting the portion of the third light.

[0053] In some embodiments, the first polarization selective reflector has a first surface and an opposing second surface, and the first surface of the first polarization selective reflector faces both the first reflector and the second polarization selective reflector.

[0054] In some embodiments, the first reflector includes structures configured to scatter the portion of the third light directed toward the first polarization selective reflector.

[0055] In some embodiments, a first plane defined by (e.g., containing) the first polarization selective reflector intersects, at a first acute angle, with a second plane defined by (e.g., containing) the second polarization selective reflector, and intersects, at a second acute angle, with a third plane defined by (e.g., containing) the first reflector.

[0056] In some embodiments, the optical device further includes a first polarization retarder disposed adjacent to the first reflector.

[0057] In some embodiments, the first reflector defines a first opening so that the first light received by the first polarization selective reflector has passed through the first opening.

[0058] In some embodiments, an illumination system includes any optical device described herein, a light source, a homogenizing device configured to condition light from the light source as output light. The illumination system includes a diverting optic positioned to direct the output light into the optical device through the first opening.

[0059] In some embodiments, the first polarization retarder defines a second opening aligned with the first opening of the first reflector.

[0060] In accordance to some embodiments, a method includes directing, using a first polarization selective reflector, first light toward a second polarization selective reflector. The method includes receiving, using the second polarization selective reflector, the first light and directing at least a portion of the first light toward the first polarization selective reflector as second light. The method includes receiving, using the first polarization selective reflector, the second light and directing at least a portion of the second light toward a first reflector as third light. The method also includes receiving, using the first reflector, the third light and directing at least a portion of the third light toward the first polarization selective reflector as fourth light. The method includes receiving, using the first polarization selective reflector, the fourth light and directing at least a portion of the fourth light to illuminate a spatial light modulator.

[0061] In accordance to some embodiments, an optical device includes a first polarization selective reflector; a second polarization selective reflector positioned relative to the first polarization selective reflector so that the first polarization selective reflector directs first light having a first nonplanar polarization (e.g., a circular polarization or an elliptical polarization) toward the second polarization selective reflector and the second polarization selective reflector directs at least a portion of the first light toward the first polarization selective reflector as second light. The optical device also includes a first reflector positioned relative to the first polarization selective reflector so that the first polarization selective reflector directs at least a portion of the second light (received from the second polarization selective reflector) having a second nonplanar polarization toward the first reflector as third light. In some embodiments, the first reflector directs at least a portion of third light toward the first polarization selective reflector.

[0062] In some embodiments, the first polarization selective reflector or the second polarization selective reflector is a polarization element that includes a metasurface, resonant structures, a chiral layer, or a birefringent material.

[0063] In some embodiments, the first reflector directs at least a portion of third light having the first nonplanar polarization toward the first polarization selective reflector, and the first polarization selective reflector is configured to direct the portion of the third light from the first reflector toward a spatial light modulator as illumination light.

[0064] In some embodiments, the first polarization selective reflector is a liquid crystal based polarization selective element. In some embodiments, the liquid crystal based polarization selective element includes a polarization volume hologram (described with respect to FIGS. 16A-16D). In some embodiments, the liquid crystal based polarization selective element includes cholesteric liquid crystals.

[0065] In some embodiments, the optical device further includes a first reflective assembly positioned relative to the first polarization selective reflector so that the first polarization selective reflector receives first imaging light from a spatial light modulator and directs at least a portion of the first imaging light having a third nonplanar polarization toward the first reflective assembly as second imaging light. The first reflective assembly receives the second imaging light from the first polarization selective reflector and directs at least a portion of the second imaging light toward the first polarization selective reflector as third imaging light having a fourth nonplanar polarization. The third nonplanar polarization is distinct from the fourth nonplanar polarization.

[0066] In some embodiments, the second polarization selective reflector is positioned in a first orientation that is substantially parallel to a plane that perpendicularly intersects an optical axis of the first reflector, and the second polarization selective reflector is configured (e.g., by orienting a polarization axis of the second polarization selective reflector) to reflect light having a polarization different from a polarization of light reflected by the first polarization selective reflector.

[0067] In some embodiments, a first plane defined by the first polarization selective reflector intersects, at a first acute angle, with a second plane defined by the second polarization selective reflector, and intersects, at a second acute angle, with a third plane defined by the first reflector.

[0068] In some embodiments, the first reflector defines a first opening so that the first light received by the first polarization selective reflector has passed through the first opening.

[0069] In some embodiments, an illumination system includes any optical device described herein, a light source; a homogenizing device configured to condition light from the light source as output light; and a diverting optic positioned to direct the output light into the optical device through the first opening.

[0070] In accordance to some embodiments, an optical device includes a first polarization selective reflector positioned relative to a spatial light modulator; and a first reflective assembly positioned relative to the first polarization selective reflector so that the first polarization selective reflector receives first light from the spatial light modulator and directs at least a portion of the first light having a first nonplanar polarization toward the first reflective assembly as second light. The first reflective assembly receives the second light from the first polarization selective reflector and directs at least a portion of the second light having a second nonplanar polarization toward the first polarization selective reflector as third light. The second nonplanar polarization is distinct from the first nonplanar polarization.

[0071] In some embodiments, the first polarization selective reflector is a polarization element that includes a metasurface, resonant structures, a chiral layer, or a birefringent material.

[0072] In some embodiments, the first polarization selective reflector is a liquid crystal based polarization selective element.

[0073] In some embodiments, the optical device further includes a first reflector. In some embodiments, the first reflector defines an opening. The first reflector is positioned relative to the spatial light modulator so that the spatial light modulator receives light that has (i) passed through the opening of the first reflector and (ii) subsequently reflected off the first reflector.

[0074] In some embodiments, the optical device further includes a second polarization selective reflector disposed adjacent to a waveguide. The second polarization selective reflector is configured to reflect light having a polarization different from a polarization of light reflected by the first polarization selective reflector.

[0075] In some embodiments, the optical device further includes a second polarization selective reflector disposed adjacent to a waveguide. The second polarization selective reflector is configured (e.g., by orienting a polarization axis of the second polarization selective reflector) to reflect light having a polarization identical to a polarization of light reflected by the first polarization selective reflector.

[0076] In some embodiments, a projection of the first polarization selective reflector on a plane defined by the spatial light modulator has a rectangular shape.

[0077] In accordance with some embodiments, an optical device includes a first polarization selective reflector positioned in a first orientation so that the first polarization selective reflector receives first light in a first direction; redirects a first portion, of the first light, having a first nonplanar polarization to a second direction that is non-parallel to the first direction. The first polarization selective reflector receives second light in a third direction and transmit a first portion, of the second light, having a second nonplanar polarization orthogonal to the first nonplanar polarization. The optical device includes a second polarization selective reflector positioned in a second orientation non-parallel to the first orientation so that the second polarization selective reflector receives third light in a fourth direction; redirects a first portion, of the third light, having the first nonplanar polarization to a fifth direction that is non-parallel to the fourth direction; and receives fourth light in a sixth direction and transmit a first portion, of the fourth light having the second nonplanar polarization. In some embodiments, the first orientation is adjacent to the first polarization selective reflector.

[0078] In some embodiments, the optical device further includes a third reflector configured to receive from the second polarization selective reflector a second portion of the first light transmitted by the first polarization selective reflector, and redirect the second portion of the first light back to the second polarization selective reflector as the second light.

[0079] In some embodiments, the optical device further includes a Fresnel reflector optically coupled with the first polarization selective reflector, the Fresnel reflector configured to receive the first light output by a first light source; and redirect the first light toward the first polarization selective reflector.

[0080] In accordance to some embodiments, an optical device includes a first polarization selective reflector; and a second polarization selective reflector positioned relative to the first polarization selective reflector so that the first polarization selective reflector directs first light having a first polarization toward the second polarization selective reflector and the second polarization selective reflector directs second light having a second polarization toward the first polarization selective reflector. A first plane defined by the first polarization selective reflector intersects a second plane defined by the second polarization selective reflector at a first angle.

[0081] In some embodiments, the second light is a portion of the first light.

[0082] In some embodiments, the first angle is an acute angle, and the first angle is measured from a portion of the first plane that directs the first light to a portion of the second plane that directs the second light.

[0083] In some embodiments, the first angle is approximately 45.degree..

[0084] In some embodiments, the optical device further comprises a prism assembly. The first polarization selective reflector is disposed along a diagonal (e.g., an inner diagonal) of the prism assembly. In some embodiments, the diagonal is an inner diagonal of the prism assembly.

[0085] In some embodiments, the first polarization selective reflector is configured (e.g., by orienting a polarization axis of the first polarization selective reflector) to reflect light having a polarization different from a polarization of light reflected by the second polarization selective reflector.

[0086] In some embodiments, the optical device further includes a first prism, the second polarization selective reflector is disposed on a first surface of the first prism, and light enters the optical device at a second surface parallel to the first surface.

[0087] In some embodiments, the first polarization selective reflector is configured (e.g., by orienting a polarization axis of the first polarization selective reflector) to reflect light having a polarization identical to a polarization of light reflected by the second polarization selective reflector.

[0088] In some embodiments, the optical device further includes a first prism. The second polarization selective reflector is disposed on a first surface of the first prism, and light enters the first prism at a second surface perpendicular to the first surface.

[0089] In some embodiments, a projection of the first polarization selective reflector on a plane defined by a spatial light modulator is rectangular.

[0090] In some embodiments, the first polarization selective reflector is positioned relative to a spatial light modulator to direct third light having a third polarization, distinct from the first polarization, along a first direction to the spatial light modulator and the second polarization selective reflector is positioned relative to the first polarization selective reflector to direct fourth light having the third polarization along the first direction to the spatial light modulator.

[0091] In some embodiments, a projection of the first polarization selective reflector on a plane defined by a spatial light modulator has a first width. In some embodiments, a height of the first polarization selective reflector is larger than the first width, and the height is orthogonal to the first width.

[0092] In some embodiments, the first angle is approximately 90 degrees. In some embodiments, the angle is more or less than 90 degrees.

[0093] In some embodiments, the optical device further includes a first prism. The first polarization selective reflector is disposed on a first surface of the first prism and the second polarization selective reflector is disposed on a second surface of the first prism.

[0094] In some embodiments, the optical device further includes a second prism and a third prism. The second prism is in contact with the second polarization selective reflector, and the third prism is in contact with the first polarization selective reflector.

[0095] In some embodiments, the first polarization selective reflector is configured to direct first light having a first nonplanar polarization (e.g., a circular polarization or an elliptical polarization) toward the second polarization selective reflector and the second polarization selective reflector is configured to direct second light having a second nonplanar polarization toward the first polarization selective reflector.

[0096] In some embodiments, the first polarization selective reflector is configured to direct first light having a first nonplanar polarization (e.g., a circular polarization or an elliptical polarization) toward the second polarization selective reflector and the second polarization selective reflector is configured to direct second light having a second nonplanar polarization toward the first polarization selective reflector.

[0097] In some embodiments, at least one of the first polarization selective reflector or the second polarization selective reflector is either (i) a liquid crystal based polarization selective element, or (ii) a polarization selective element that includes a metasurface, resonant structures, a chiral layer, or a birefringent material.

[0098] In some embodiments, the first angle is an acute angle, the first angle is measured from a portion of the first plane that directs the first light to a portion of the second plane that directs the second light, and the first polarization selective reflector is disposed along a diagonal of the optical device.

[0099] In accordance to some embodiments, a method includes coupling a first polarization selective reflector to a second polarization selective reflector so that a first plane defined by the first polarization selective reflector intersects, at a first angle, a second plane defined by the second polarization selective reflector so that the first polarization selective reflector is configured to direct first light having a first polarization toward the second polarization selective reflector and the second polarization selective reflector is configured to direct second light having a second polarization toward the first polarization selective reflector.

[0100] In some embodiments, coupling the first polarization selective reflector to the second polarization selective reflector includes disposing the second polarization selective reflector on a first surface of a prism and disposing the second polarization selective reflector on a second surface of the prism. In some embodiments, the first angle is approximately 90 degrees; and the first polarization is identical to the second polarization. In some embodiments, the angle is more or less than 90 degrees.

[0101] In some embodiments, coupling the first polarization selective reflector to the second polarization selective reflector includes disposing the first polarization selective reflector on a first surface of a first prism and disposing the second polarization selective reflector on a second surface of the first prism. The first angle is an acute angle, and the method also includes attaching a second prism to the first surface of the first prism so that the first polarization selective reflector is disposed along a diagonal of a prism assembly that includes the first prism and the second prism.

[0102] In some embodiments, the first polarization selective reflector includes an element selected from the group consisting of a wire grid polarizer, a MacNeille polarizer, a liquid crystal based polarization selective element, and a polarization element that includes a metasurface, resonant structures, or a chiral layer.

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