Apple Patent | Pupil Expansion
Patent: Pupil Expansion
Publication Number: 20200192101
Publication Date: 20200618
Applicants: Apple
Abstract
A device including a waveguide having a first waveguide surface and a second waveguide surface parallel to the first waveguide surface is disclosed. The device may include a first volume holographic light coupling element disposed between the first waveguide surface and the second waveguide surface. The first volume holographic light coupling element may be structured to reflect at least a portion of incident light as reflected light. Incident light for which the first volume holographic light coupling element is structured to reflect may have a first angle of incidence within a total internal reflection (TIR) range with respect a first axis corresponding to a surface normal of the waveguide. Incident light for which the first volume holographic light coupling element is structured to reflect may have a second angle of incidence with respect to a second axis different from the first axis.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/090,057, filed Sep. 28, 2018, which is a national stage application, filed under 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 371, of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2017/038399, filed Jun. 20, 2017, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/352,534, filed Jun. 20, 2016, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/385,686, filed Sep. 9, 2016, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/479,985, filed Mar. 31, 2017, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/504,890, filed May 11, 2017, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/465,619, filed Mar. 1, 2017, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY
[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to optical reflective devices, and more specifically to expanding light beams within optical reflective devices.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Conventional dielectric mirrors are produced by coating a surface (typically glass) with layers of materials that differ from each other in their electric permittivity. The layers of materials are typically arranged so that Fresnel reflections from layer boundaries reinforce constructively, producing large net reflectivity. Broadband dielectric mirrors can be designed by ensuring that this condition obtains over a relatively broad specified range of wavelengths and incidence angles. However, because the layers are deposited on a surface, the reflective axis of a dielectric mirror is necessarily coincident with surface normal (i.e., the reflective axis is perpendicular to the mirror surface). Because of this constraint on the reflective axis, a dielectric mirror is disposed in some devices in a configuration that is suboptimal. Similarly, the reflective axis being constrained to surface normal makes a dielectric mirror inadequate for some purposes. Moreover, glass dielectric mirrors tend to be relatively heavy, making them suboptimal or inappropriate for applications requiring a relatively lightweight reflective component.
[0004] Conversely, conventional grating structures can reflect light about a reflective axis that differs from surface normal of the medium in which the grating structure resides. However, for a given angle of incidence, angles of reflection for conventional grating structures typically co-vary with wavelength of incident light. Thus, using a conventional grating structure to reflect light may avoid the constraint inherent in conventional mirrors that the reflective axis coincide with surface normal. However, where a substantially constant reflective axis is required, a conventional grating structure is substantially limited to a single wavelength (or very narrow range of wavelengths) for a given angle of incidence. Similarly, in order to reflect light of a specified wavelength about a constant reflective axis, a conventional grating structure is limited to a single angle of incidence (or very narrow range of incidence angles).
[0005] Accordingly, conventional reflective devices, comprising reflective grating structures or conventional mirrors may not satisfy properties necessary of the device, including light reflectivity about a reflective axis not constrained to surface normal, and an angle of reflection that is constant across a range of incidence angles. Furthermore, conventional structures and coupling components of a conventional reflective device may interact with light of the device (e.g., with total internal reflection (TIR) mode reflected light and non-TIR straight through external light) and impede optical clarity of the projection. As a result, conventional reflective devices may provide suboptimal image projection and retard optical clarity at the yielded FOV of these devices. Such results may be particularly acute in head mounted display (HMD) devices.
SUMMARY
[0006] The described features generally relate to one or more improved methods, systems, or devices for expanding light beams from an entrance pupil to an exit pupil (i.e., pupil expansion). The methods, systems, or devices may employ one or more pupil expanders or pupil expansion techniques in an optical device or system to enable an increased field of view (FOV) of a projected image.
[0007] In one embodiment, a device or system may include a waveguide having a first waveguide surface and a second waveguide surface parallel to the first waveguide surface and a first volume holographic light coupling element disposed between the first waveguide surface and the second waveguide surface. The first volume holographic light coupling element may be structured to reflect at least a portion of incident light as reflected light. The incident light may have a first angle of incidence within a TIR range with respect a first axis corresponding to a surface normal of the waveguide and a second angle of incidence with respect to a second axis. The reflected light may have a first angle of reflection within the TIR range and a second angle of reflection with respect to the second axis. In some cases, the second angle of reflection may be different from the second angle of incidence.
[0008] Some examples of the device or system described above may also include a second volume holographic light coupling element disposed between the first waveguide surface and the second waveguide surface. The second volume holographic light coupling element may have a second reflective axis oriented different from the first reflective axis.
[0009] In some examples of the device or system described above, the first volume holographic light coupling element may have a first reflective axis that may be oriented on a plane parallel to the first waveguide surface. In some examples described above, the first reflective axis may be oriented with respect to an x-y plane and the second reflective axis may be oriented with respect to a y-z plane.
[0010] In some examples of the device or system described above, the first volume holographic light coupling element may comprise a grating medium. Some examples of the device or system described above may also include a first grating structure within the grating medium, the first grating structure being structured to reflect at least a portion of incident light of a first wavelength about a first reflective axis at the first angle of incidence within the TIR range with respect the first axis.
[0011] In some examples described above, the first volume holographic light coupling element further comprises a second grating structure within the grating medium, the second grating structure being structured to reflect at least a portion of incident light of the first wavelength about another reflective axis at another angle of incidence different from the first incidence angle. In some examples described above, the other angle of incidence associated with the second grating structure may be within the TIR range with respect the first axis. In some examples described above, the other reflective axis of the second grating may have a reflective axis angle that differs from a reflective axis angle of the first reflective axis by 0.25 degrees or less.
[0012] In some examples described above, the first grating structure and the second grating structure correspond a same locus associated with an internal field of view angle of image light. In some examples described above, the first grating structure corresponds to a first locus of one or more volume holograms associated with a first internal field of view (FOV) angle of image light and the second grating structure corresponds to a second locus of one or more volume holograms associated with a second internal FOV angle of the image light different from the first internal FOV angle. In some examples described above, the first locus and the second locus at least partially overlap.
[0013] In some examples of the undefined described above, the first grating structure may be further configured to reflect at least a portion of incident light of the wavelength about the first reflective axis at a first range of incidence angles including the first incidence angle, each incidence angle of the first range of incidence angles being within the TIR range with respect the first axis.
[0014] In some examples described above, the first grating structure comprises at least three volume holograms, each volume hologram of the at least three volume holograms corresponding to a unique incidence angle within the first range of incidence angles, and wherein an adjacent |.DELTA.K.sub.G| for the at least three holograms may have a mean value that resides between 1.0.times.10.sup.4 and 1.0.times.10.sup.6 radians per meter (rad/m).
[0015] In some examples of the device or system described above, the first volume holographic light coupling element comprises a grating medium that may be at least 70 .mu.m thick and the grating medium comprises a plurality of volume holograms structured to Bragg-match incident light for at least some angles of incidence within the TIR range.
[0016] In some examples of the device or system described above, the first volume holographic light coupling element comprises a first coupling portion that may be configured to reflect at least a portion of incident light as reflected light about a first reflective axis and a second coupling portion that may be configured to reflect at least a portion of incident light as reflected light about a second reflective axis oriented on a plane parallel to the first waveguide surface, the second reflective axis being non-parallel to the first reflective axis.
[0017] In some examples described above, the first reflective axis may be configured to reflect at least a portion of incident light as reflected light within a first location of the waveguide and the second reflective axis may be configured to reflect at least a portion of incident light as reflected light within a second location of the waveguide.
[0018] In some examples described above, the first coupling portion at least partially overlaps the second coupling portion such that the first reflective axis may be configured to reflect at least a portion of incident light at an overlapping location and the second reflective axis may be configured to reflect at least a portion of incident light at the overlapping location. Some examples of the system described above may also include an entrance pupil element aligned with the joint associated with the first coupling portion and the second coupling portion such that the entrance pupil element may be structured to allow input light into the first coupling portion and the second coupling portion.
[0019] In some examples of the described above, the first coupling portion of the first volume holographic light coupling element and the second coupling portion of the first volume holographic light coupling element may be aligned at a joint.
[0020] In some examples described above, the intercoupled waveguide may be coupled to the waveguide by an overlapping joint. In some examples described above, the intercoupled waveguide may be coupled to the waveguide with an optical adhesive element. In some examples described above, the intercoupled waveguide operatively may be coupled to the waveguide by an end to end joint.
[0021] Some examples of the device or system described above may also include an intercoupled waveguide coupled to the waveguide. Some examples of the device or system described above may also include a first waveguide section located within the waveguide, wherein the first volume holographic light coupling element may be at least partially disposed within the first waveguide section. Some examples of the device or system described above may also include a first entrance pupil located at a first edge of the first waveguide section. In some examples described above, the first waveguide section and the second waveguide section at least partially overlap.
[0022] Some examples of the system described above may also include a second waveguide section located within the waveguide, wherein the first volume holographic light coupling element may be at least partially disposed within the first waveguide section. Some examples of the system described above may also include a second entrance pupil located at a second edge of the second waveguide section.
[0023] Some examples of the device or system described above may also include a waveguide having a first waveguide surface and a second waveguide surface parallel to the first waveguide surface. Some examples of the device or system described above may also include a cross-coupling element disposed between the first waveguide surface and the second waveguide surface, the cross-coupling element having a first reflective axis that is oriented on a plane parallel to the first waveguide surface. Some examples of the device or system described above may also include a volume holographic light coupling element disposed between the first waveguide surface and the second waveguide surface, the volume holographic light coupling element having a second reflective axis that is oriented on a plane different from a plane on which the first reflective axis is oriented.
[0024] In some examples described above, the cross-coupling element may be structured to reflect at least a portion of incident light as reflected light, the incident light having a first angle of incidence within a total internal reflection (TIR) range with respect a first axis corresponding to a surface normal of the waveguide and a second angle of incidence with respect to a second axis different from the first axis, and the reflected light having a first angle of reflection within the TIR range and a second angle of reflection with respect to the second axis, the second angle of reflection being different from the second angle of incidence.
[0025] In one embodiment, a device or system may include the cross-coupling element having a first reflective axis that is oriented on a plane parallel to the first waveguide surface and a volume holographic light coupling element disposed between the first waveguide surface and the second waveguide surface, the volume holographic light coupling element having a second reflective axis that is oriented on a plane different from a plane on which the first reflective axis is oriented. In some examples of the device or system described above, the cross-coupling element comprises a partially reflective louver, the partially reflective louver being structured to reflect at least a portion of incident light as reflected light.
[0026] In some examples described above, the first reflective axis may be offset from a surface normal of the first waveguide surface. In some examples described above, the second reflective axis of the volume holographic light coupling element may be oriented different from the first reflective axis. For example, the second reflective axis may be oriented orthogonal to the first reflective axis. In some examples of the undefined described above, the cross-coupling element may be coupled to the volume holographic light coupling element by an end to end joint.
[0027] In some examples described above, the volume holographic light coupling element comprises a grating medium. Some examples of the system described above may also include a first grating structure within the grating medium of the volume holographic light coupling element, the first grating structure being configured to reflect total internal reflection (TIR) light of a wavelength at a first TIR incidence angle about the second reflective axis.
[0028] In some examples described above, the volume holographic light coupling element further comprises a second grating structure within the grating medium of the volume holographic light coupling element at least partially non-overlapping with the first grating structure, the second grating structure being configured to reflect TIR light of the wavelength a second TIR incidence angle about the second reflective axis. In some examples described above, the second TIR incidence angle being different from the first TIR incidence angle by at least 5.degree.. In some examples of the undefined described above, the wavelength comprises one of a visible red light wavelength, a visible blue light wavelength, or a visible green light wavelength.
[0029] In some examples described above, the first grating structure comprises at least three volume holograms, each of the at least three volume holograms corresponding to a unique incidence angle within a range of TIR incidence angles, and wherein an adjacent |.DELTA.K.sub.G| for the at least three holograms may have a mean value that resides between 1.0.times.10.sup.4 and 1.0.times.10.sup.6 radians per meter (rad/m).
[0030] In one embodiment, a device or system may include a light source for providing image-bearing light, an optical lens comprising a light input section of the optical lens for receiving the image-bearing light, a waveguide having a first waveguide surface and a second waveguide surface parallel to the first waveguide surface, and a first volume holographic light coupling element disposed between the first waveguide surface and the second waveguide surface, the first volume holographic light being structured to reflect at least a portion of incident light as reflected light, the incident light having a first angle of incidence within a total internal reflection (TIR) range with respect a first axis corresponding to a surface normal of the waveguide and a second angle of incidence with respect to a second axis different from the first axis, and the reflected light having a first angle of reflection within the TIR range and a second angle of reflection with respect to the second axis, the second angle of reflection being different from the second angle of incidence.
[0031] In some examples described above, the optical lens further comprises a second volume holographic light coupling element disposed between the first waveguide surface and the second waveguide surface, the second volume holographic light coupling element may have a second reflective axis oriented different from the first reflective axis.
[0032] In one embodiment, a device or system may include a light source for providing image-bearing light, an optical lens comprising a light input section of the optical lens for receiving the image-bearing light, a waveguide having a first waveguide surface and a second waveguide surface parallel to the first waveguide surface, a cross-coupling element disposed between the first waveguide surface and the second waveguide surface, the cross-coupling element having a first reflective axis that is oriented on a plane parallel to the first waveguide surface, and a volume holographic light coupling element disposed between the first waveguide surface and the second waveguide surface, the volume holographic light coupling element having a second reflective axis that is oriented on a plane different from a plane on which the first reflective axis is oriented.
[0033] In one embodiment, the cross-coupling element is structured to reflect at least a portion of incident light as reflected light, the incident light having a first angle of incidence within a total internal reflection (TIR) range with respect a first axis corresponding to a surface normal of the waveguide and a second angle of incidence with respect to a second axis different from the first axis, and the reflected light having a first angle of reflection within the TIR range and a second angle of reflection with respect to the second axis, the second angle of reflection being different from the second angle of incidence.
[0034] In some examples described above, the method may include making a device including one or more volume holographic light coupling elements,* comprising positioning a recording medium with respect to a first prism such that a first recording beam and a second recording beam pass through the first prism to record an interference pattern on the recording medium and recording a first reflective axis in the recording medium such that a first reflective axis is oriented parallel to a thickness dimension of the recording medium*
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0035] A further understanding of the nature and advantages of implementations of the present disclosure may be realized by reference to the following drawings. In the appended figures, similar components or features may have the same reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar components. If only the first reference label is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label.
[0036] FIG. 1 is an illustration of an HMD device in which the principles included herein may be implemented.
[0037] FIG. 2A is a diagram illustrating reflective properties of a skew mirror in real space in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0038] FIG. 2B illustrates a skew mirror in k-space in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0039] FIG. 3 is a diagram of an optical system incorporating skew mirror exit pupil expansion techniques in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0040] FIG. 4 is a diagram of an optical component illustrating a plurality of grating structures in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0041] FIG. 5A illustrates a diagram of a system that can be used to manufacture a skew mirror with pupil expansion in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0042] FIG. 5B illustrates a diagram of a system that can be used to manufacture a skew mirror with pupil expansion in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0043] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of an optical system that supports pupil expansion in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0044] FIG. 7A is a plot that shows conventional techniques in contrast to the pupil expansion techniques described herein in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0045] FIG. 7B is a plot that shows conventional techniques in contrast to the pupil expansion techniques described herein in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0046] FIG. 7C is a plot that illustrates pupil expansion techniques in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0047] FIG. 8A illustrates an example of an optical lens that supports pupil expansion in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0048] FIG. 8B illustrates an example of an optical lens that supports pupil expansion in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0049] FIG. 9A illustrates an example of an optical lens that supports pupil expansion in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0050] FIG. 9B illustrates an example of an optical lens that supports pupil expansion in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0051] FIG. 10A illustrates an example of an optical lens that supports pupil expansion in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0052] FIG. 10B illustrates a k-space representation of the superposition of grating structures (crossed skew mirror) as described in reference to FIG. 10A.
[0053] FIG. 11A illustrates an example of an optical system that supports pupil expansion in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0054] FIG. 11B illustrates an example of an optical system that supports pupil expansion in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0055] FIG. 11C illustrates an example of an optical system that supports pupil expansion in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0056] FIG. 11D illustrates an example of an optical system that supports pupil expansion in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0057] FIG. 11E illustrates an example of an optical system that supports pupil expansion in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0058] FIG. 12 illustrates an example of an optical lens that supports pupil expansion in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0059] FIG. 13A illustrates an example of an optical lens that supports pupil expansion in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0060] FIG. 13B illustrates an example of an optical lens that supports pupil expansion in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0061] FIG. 13C illustrates an example of an optical lens that supports pupil expansion in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0062] FIG. 14 is a flowchart diagram of an example method for manufacturing an apparatus for equalizing light in accordance with various aspects of the disclosure.
[0063] FIG. 15 is a diagram of an illustrative arrangement in which the optical system includes a cross coupler formed from a louvered mirror.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0064] Volumetric holographic gratings (VHGs) may be used as a light coupling device (e.g., an input coupler, an output coupler, and/or a cross coupler) within an image projection system. Each conventional coupling device may transmit light through a waveguide, employ pupil expansion, and provide an image projection, in accordance with additional features of the coupling device. A conventional coupling device may include embossed diffractive gratings, diffractive optical elements (DOEs), holographic optical elements (HOEs), and angled partially reflective surfaces to support at least the aforementioned features. The one or more properties of the conventional coupling device, including the thickness and bulk index of refraction, may determine an accessible total internal reflection (TIR) input angle range, as well as a yielded field of view (FOV) capability. In some cases, a conventional coupling device, either alone or in combination with additional coupling devices, may incur limitations or impedances to optical clarity and the FOV. For example, the conventional coupling device may interact with each of the bidirectional reflections of light operating in a TIR mode, thereby impeding the yielded FOV. In other examples, the conventional coupling device may interact with light straight through the device (e.g., non-TIR modes) or experience chromatic dispersion, impeding the optical clarity of an image projection system.
[0065] One or more skew mirror type components or devices may be employed in a light coupling device (e.g., an input coupler, an output coupler, and/or a cross coupler) for pupil expansion. Utilizing skew mirror technology in the one or more light coupling devices may improve viewing capability and optical clarity of an associated image projection device, such as a head-mounted display unit. A skew mirror type device may exhibit achromatic characteristics. A skew mirror type device (e.g., an output coupler embodiment) may be Bragg-mismatched to one reflection of TIR mode input light that is reflected between substrates and to input light passing straight through the skew mirror type device (e.g., external light incident on a substrate surface). An image projection device utilizing skew mirror technology may provide a more expansive FOV and avoid impedances to optical clarity when compared to an image projection device using conventional coupling devices.
[0066] One or more skew mirror type components or devices (e.g., an input coupler embodiment) may guide input light from a light source to an entrance pupil. One or more skew mirror type components or devices (e.g., a cross coupler embodiment) may guide input light from an entrance pupil propagating in one direction and reflect the input light for propagation through a waveguide in a different direction. A cross coupler embodiment may advantageously allow a dimension (e.g., a vertical or a horizontal dimension) of the projected image to remain unguided throughout the entrance-to-exit pupil optical path (i.e., a projected dimension may correspond to angles transverse to the TIR dimension). One or more skew mirror type components or devices (e.g., an output coupler embodiment) may allow for image projection with reduced divergent light loss. Light coupling device embodiments utilizing skew mirror technology of an image projection system may be contained within one or more intercoupled waveguides, further improving image projection efficiency and increasing device compactness. Light coupling device embodiments utilizing skew mirror technology may be incorporated into an image projection system that also utilizes other, non-skew mirror light coupling device embodiments.
[0067] One or more holographic optical elements may be used in a waveguide of optical head-mounted display (HMD) device. An HMD device is a wearable device that has the capability of reflecting projected images and may facilitate a user to experience augmented reality. Head-mounted displays typically involve near-eye optics that project virtual images. In the past, technical limitations of HMDs have resulted in experience impediments including reduced image quality and increased weight and size. Past implementations have included conventional optics to reflect, refract or diffract light, however, the designs tend to be bulky. Additionally, conventional mirrors and grating structures have inherent limitations. For example, a conventional mirror may have a reflective axis that is necessarily coincident with surface normal, imposing a suboptimal mirror orientation, or hindered reflective output at the mirror. Also, conventional grating structures may include multiple reflective axes that co-vary unacceptably with the incidence angle and/or wavelength of light incident on the structure.
[0068] Accordingly, a device for reflecting light may include features that reflect light about a reflective axis not constrained to surface normal, with an angle of reflection, for a given angle of incidence, that is constant at multiple wavelengths. Embodiments of the device may have substantially constant reflective axes (i.e., reflective axes that have reflective axis angles that vary by less than 1.0 degree) across a range of incidence angles for incident light of a given wavelength, and this phenomenon may be observed with incident light at various wavelengths.
[0069] Aspects of the disclosure are initially described in the context of an apparatus for reflecting light towards an eye box situated at a fixed distance away from a skew mirror. Specific examples are described for an apparatus including a grating medium. In some cases the grating medium may include one or more grating structures. A grating structure may be configured to reflect light, of a particular wavelength, about a reflective axis offset from a surface normal of the grating structure at a particular plurality of incident angles. Aspects of the disclosure are further illustrated by and described with reference to apparatus diagrams, system diagrams, and flowcharts that relate to pupil expansion.
[0070] This description provides examples, and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability or configuration of implementations of the principles described herein. Rather, the ensuing description will provide those skilled in the art with an enabling description for implementing implementations of the principles described herein. Various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements.
[0071] Thus, various implementations may omit, substitute, or add various procedures or components as appropriate. For instance, it should be appreciated that the methods may be performed in an order different than that described, and that various steps may be added, omitted or combined. Also, aspects and elements described with respect to certain implementations may be combined in various other implementations. It should also be appreciated that the following systems, methods, devices, and software may individually or collectively be components of a larger system, wherein other procedures may take precedence over or otherwise modify their application.
[0072] FIG. 1 is an illustration of an HMD device 100 in which the principles included herein may be implemented. The HMD device 100 may include eyewear or headwear in which a near-eye display (NED) 105 may be affixed in front of a user’s eyes. The NED 105 may include a diffractive element portion disposed within or incorporated with a lens assembly of the HMD device 100. In some examples, the diffractive element portion may be a holographic optical element (HOE), which may be comprised of a skew mirror 110. Coordinates (x, y, and z-axis) are provided with reference to the skew mirror 110. The HMD device 100 may include multiple light coupling elements including additional skew mirrors (not shown), HOEs not structured using skew mirror technology and principles (not shown), DOEs (not shown), and/or louvered mirrors (not shown) assembled with the skew mirror 110. The HMD 100 may also include a light source or light projector 115 operatively coupled to the lens assembly. In some examples light source or light projector 115 may be operatively coupled to the lens assembly in a waveguide configuration. In some examples light source or light projector 115 may be operatively coupled to the lens assembly in a free space configuration.
[0073] The skew mirror 110 may be a reflective device and may include a grating medium within which resides one or more volume holograms or other grating structures. The skew mirror 110 may include an additional layer such as a glass cover or glass substrate. The additional layer may serve to protect the grating medium from contamination, moisture, oxygen, reactive chemical species, damage, and the like. The additional layer may also be refractive index matched with the grating medium. The grating medium, by virtue of the grating structure residing therein, may have physical properties that allow the medium to diffract light about an axis, referred to as a reflective axis, where the angle of diffraction (henceforth referred to as angle of reflection) varies by less than 1.degree. for multiple wavelengths of light incident upon the grating medium at a given angle of incidence. In some cases, the reflective axis is also constant for multiple wavelengths and/or angles of incidence. In some cases, the grating structure is formed by one or more holograms. The one or more holograms can be volume-phase holograms in some implementations. Other types of holograms may also be used in various implementations of the grating structure.
[0074] Similarly, implementations may have substantially constant reflective axes (i.e., reflective axes have reflective axis angles that vary by less than 1.degree.) across a range of incidence angles for incident light of a given wavelength, and this phenomenon may be observed with incident light at various wavelengths. In some implementations, the reflective axes remain substantially constant for every combination of a set of multiple incidence angles and a set of multiple wavelengths.
[0075] A hologram may be a recording of an interference pattern, and may include both intensity and phase information from the light used for the recording. This information may be recorded in a photosensitive medium that converts the interference pattern into an optical element that modifies the amplitude or the phase of subsequent incident light beams, according to the intensity of the initial interference pattern. The grating medium may include a photopolymer, photorefractive crystals, dichromatic gelatin, photo-thermo-refractive glass, film containing dispersed silver halide particles, or other material with the ability to react to and record an incident interference pattern. In some cases, coherent laser light may be used for recording and/or reading the recorded hologram.
[0076] In some cases, a hologram may be recorded using two laser beams known as recording beams. In some cases, the recording beams may be monochromatic collimated plane wave beams that are similar to each other except for angles at which they are incident upon the grating medium. In some implementations, the recording beams may have amplitude or phase distributions that differ from each other. The recording beams may be directed so that they intersect within the recording medium. At the intersection of the recording beams, the recording beams may interact with the recording medium in a way that varies according to the intensity of each point of the interference pattern, and creates a pattern of varying optical properties within the recording medium. For example, in some embodiments, a refractive index may vary within the recording medium. In some cases, the resulting interference pattern may be spatially distributed (e.g., with a mask or the like) in a manner that is uniform for all such grating structures recorded on the grating medium. In some cases, multiple grating structures may be superimposed within a single recording medium by varying the wavelength or the angle of incidence to create different interference patterns within the recording medium. In some cases, after one or more holograms are recorded in the medium, the medium may be treated with light in a post-recording light treatment. The post recording light treatment may be performed with highly incoherent light to substantially consume remaining reactive medium components such as photoinitiator or photoactive monomer, such that photosensitivity of the recording medium is greatly reduced or eliminated. After recording of holograms or other grating structures in a recording medium has been completed, the medium is typically referred to as a grating medium. In some instances, grating mediums have been rendered non-photosensitive.
[0077] In some implementations, the grating structure may include a hologram generated via interference between multiple light beams referred to as recording beams. The grating structure may include multiple holograms. The multiple holograms may be recorded using recording beams incident upon the grating medium at angles that vary among the multiple holograms (i.e., angle multiplexed), and/or using recording beams whose wavelengths vary among the multiple holograms (i.e., wavelength multiplexed)), and/or using recording beams whose positions vary among the multiple holograms (i.e., spatially multiplexed). In some implementations, the grating structure may include a hologram recorded using two recording beams whose angles of incidence upon the grating medium vary while the hologram is being recorded, and/or whose wavelengths vary while the hologram is being recorded. Implementations further include a device wherein the reflective axis differs from surface normal of the grating medium by at least 1.0 degree; or at least by 2.0 degrees; or at least by 4.0 degrees; or at least by 9.0 degrees.
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